Section 1: General Text
Part A. Translate the following English Passage into Chinese.
Sustainable development, which balances current needs with the needs of future generations, is at the core of the UN’s development agenda. Plans are now being made within the UN system to ensure that sustainable development goals can be met, as well. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted at a high-level summit in September 2015, where a set of action-oriented and universal sustainable development goals were presented, leading to a renewed global partnership for development, backed by civil society, the private sector, parliamentarians and the scientific and academic community.
Dr. David Nabarro, the Secretary-General’s Special Adviser on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, knows something about tough jobs encountered during his 30 years of experience in public health, nutrition and development work at country, regional and global levels in positions in non-governmental organizations, universities, national governments and the UN system.
Dr. Nabarro believed that the SDGs formed a complex whole that require equal progress on all fronts. He said, “The 17 Goals represent an indivisible tapestry of thinking and action that applies in every community, everywhere in the world. They are universal. But they’re also indivisible and that means that we really do not believe that any one goal should be separated out from the others, as they actually represent a total and completely intertwined lattice of action that is relevant for every human being everywhere.”
The SDGs comprise everything from zero poverty, zero hunger, good health, quality education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, and affordable clean energy, to decent work and economic growth, innovation, reduced inequalities, sustainable cities, responsible consumption, climate action, unpolluted oceans and land, and partnerships to achieve the Goals.
Mr. Nabarro said he looks to developed countries to make sure that implementation takes place in a comprehensive way, to businesses and civil society organizations to fully support the Goals, and to the entire UN system to ensure implementation.
Part B. Translate the following Chinese Passage into English.
2016年1月6日，朝鲜宣布成功试验了第一枚氢弹。朝鲜核试验是对核不扩散制度的公然挑战，引起了国际社会的强烈谴责。
中国在朝鲜半岛核问题上的立场是三个坚持，坚持半岛无核化，坚持半岛和平稳定，坚持通过六方会谈框架解决半岛核问题。中方同意安理会采取进一步措施，通过一份新的决议。但新决议不是为了刺激局势紧张，而是旨在把半岛核问题重新拉回谈判的轨道。
朝鲜通知联合国，将于2月份发射卫星。安理会在纽约联合国总部紧急进行了闭门磋商，秘书长通过其发言人就此发表了简短声明。秘书长认为这是一个令人担忧的事态，呼吁朝鲜不要使用弹道导弹技术。
Section 2: Specialized Text
In both Part A and Part B, please translate the passage in accordance with the field you registered for the test of UNLPP, or your efforts will be in vain.
Part A. Translate the following English Passage into Chinese.
Politics and Law
The plaintiff appeals from the trial court's order dismissing his complaint against the defendants, for battery, invasion of privacy, and a violation of Cincinnati Board of Health Regulation No. 00083. In his single assignment of error, the plaintiff contends that his complaint was sufficient to state a claim upon which relief could be granted and, therefore, the trial court was in error when it granted the defendants' motion. We agree in part.
In his complaint, the plaintiff claims to be "a nationally known" antismoking advocate. He alleges that he was invited to appear on the WLW radio talk show to discuss the harmful effects of smoking and breathing secondary smoke. He also alleges that, while he was in the studio, Furman, another WLW talk-show host, lit a cigar and repeatedly blew smoke in his face "for the purpose of causing physical discomfort, humiliation and distress."
Arguably, trivial cases are responsible for an avalanche of lawsuits in the courts. They delay cases that are important to individuals and corporations and that involve important social issues. The result is justice denied to litigants and their counsel who must wait for their day in court. However, absent circumstances that warrant sanctions for frivolous appeals, we refuse to limit one's right to sue. Section 16, Article I, Ohio Constitution states, "All courts shall be open, and every person, for an injury done him in his land, goods, person, or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law, and shall have justice administered without denial or delay."
This case emphasizes the need for some form of alternative dispute resolution operating totally outside the court system as a means to provide an attentive ear to the parties and a resolution of disputes in a nominal case. Some need a forum in which they can express corrosive contempt for another without dragging their antagonist through the expense inherent in a lawsuit. Until such an alternative forum is created, the plaintiff's battery claim, previously knocked out by the trial judge in the first round, now survives round two to advance again through the courts into round three.
We affirm the trial court's judgment as to the second and third counts of the complaint, but we reverse that portion of the trial court's order that dismissed the battery claim in the first count of the complaint. This cause is remanded for further proceedings consistent with law on that claim only.
Economics and Finance
Persistent imbalances and misalignment. With the end of formal exchange rate parities of the Bretton Woods system and the subsequent opening of capital accounts, adjustment of external imbalances has primarily reflected market forces. While often swift and harsh for smaller economies in deficit, these pressures have been relatively nonexistent for countries with external surpluses and weak for countries in deficit issuing international reserve currencies. For the latter group, this is because their financial liabilities are in high demand, leaving them more leeway to pursue domestic policy aims, financed by external borrowing in their own currency. The result has been large and persistent real exchange rate misalignments and current account imbalances.
Excess demand for reserve assets. Current accounts are mirrored by large net capital flows --- in many cases, official capital flows resulting from reserve accumulation and sovereign wealth funds. These are concentrated in a narrow range of reserve assets, notably U.S. Treasury debt --- and given the magnitude of the flows, this demand may have contributed to durably loose financial conditions in the core reserve issuers. Private savings from emerging markets with shallow financial markets directed to “safe” assets produced in the main international financial centers may have had similar effects.
Volatile capital flows. Cross-border capital flows have often been very volatile. This has made cross-border capital flows a key component in many emerging market crises, and globally in the 2008 crisis.
Volatile exchange rates --- by which is meant high standard deviations of nominal or real rates. Nominal price volatility reflects a process of “price discovery” by which markets clear, allowing exchange rates to act as a buffer to shocks and facilitate necessary adjustments in relative prices. However, the question arises whether volatility that helps to clear financial markets is sometimes unhelpful in facilitating real sector adjustment and long-term investment. Features of financial investment --- “momentum” investments in existing trends, or passive investment against a benchmark, for instance --- could generate persistent deviations from or swings around long-term fundamentals, as could market imperfections such as bubbles and “accelerator” effects in upswings. This could have real economic costs:
§ At short time horizons volatility can be hedged, but this is not cost-free --- the greater the volatility, the greater the hedging costs;
§ Volatility is also present at longer horizons, with bilateral and effective nominal and real exchange rates drifting widely, or swinging back and forth at wide amplitudes, including over periods where structural change would not seem to warrant significant realignments.
Science and Technology
The genes that confer carbapenem resistance --- not just NDM-1, but an alphabet soup of others --- have appeared over the past decade or so in a particularly challenging grouping of bacteria called gram-negatives. That designation, which borrows the name of a Danish 19th-century scientist, superficially indicates the response to a stain that illuminates the cell membrane. What it connotes is much more complex. Gram-negative bacteria are promiscuous: they easily exchange bits of DNA, so that a resistance gene that arises in Klebsiella, for example, quickly migrates to E. coli, Acinetobacter and other gram-negative species. (In contrast, resistance genes in gram-positives are more likely to cluster within species.) Gram-negative germs are also harder to kill with antibiotics because they have a double-layered membrane that even powerful drugs struggle to penetrate and possess certain internal cellular defenses as well. In addition, fewer options exist for treating them. Pharmaceutical firms are making few new antibiotics of any type these days. Against the protean, stubborn gram-negatives, they have no new compounds in the pipeline at all. All told, this unlucky confluence of elements could easily export disaster from medical centers to the wider community.
Resistance to the carbapenem class of antibiotics has already brought hospital-acquired infections, such as the Klebsiella that infected that original Swedish patient, to the brink of untreatability. Beyond the carbapenems, there remain only a few drugs that doctors are loathe to prescribe, either because they cannot reach all the hiding places in the body where bacteria dwell or they make patients so sick as to be unsafe.
Even if health care–related infections are difficult to cure, they are usually detected because the patients in whom they occur --- elderly, debilitated, confined to an intensive care unit --- are usually under close watch. What keeps health authorities awake at night is the possibility that carbapenem-resistance genes will propagate, undetected, beyond the hospital inside of organisms that cause everyday maladies --- such as E. coli, which is responsible for most of the millions of urinary tract infections in the U.S. every year. Walsh, NDM-1's discoverer, proffers the example of a woman dropping in to see her primary care doctor with what looks like uncomplicated cystitis. With no reason to suspect resistance, the physician would prescribe drugs that no longer work, while the infection spread unimpeded up her urinary tract, into her kidneys and, devastatingly, into her blood. “There would be nothing to treat her with,” he concludes.
Part B. Translate the following Chinese Passage into English.
Politics and Law
工程师必须按合同明文规定，履行作决断、颁发证书和发出指令等职责。 工程师可随时书面授权其代表代行其任何职权，但必须将所有此种授权书的副本提交给承包人和业主。在授权期间，工程师代表给承包人的任何书面指令或认可（仅限于此）对承包人和业主具有与工程师的指令或认可同样的效力。
未经业主事前书面同意，承包人不得将合同或其他任何部分，或合同所规定或依合同而产生的任何收益转让，向承包人的开户银行支付按本合同规定到期或即将到期的款项除外。
承包人不得转包整个工程。除非合同另有规定，未经工程师事前书面同意，承包人也不得分包工程的任何部分，但工程师不得无故不同意分包，一旦同意分包，此种同意不得免去承包人所承担的任何合同所规定的责任或义务，他必须对任何分包人、其代理人、雇员或工人的行为、不履行和过失负完全责任，如同这些行为、不履行或过失是承包人、其代理人、雇员或工人所为。以计件方式提供劳力不得视为是本条所规定的分包。
Economics and Finance
公司债应当卖给合格机构投资者，因为合格机构投资者有较强的市场分析能力和风险承担能力。公司债发行往往比较快，手续简单。散户投资者由于分析能力和风险承担能力不足，必然导致依赖政府，政府就可能转而要求银行担保；还可能由于定价能力缺乏，导致行政性定价；当散户投资者面对违约时，又没有正当手段自我保护，就会把责任推回给政府，而政府为避免社会不稳定，又会通过行政干预的办法强制承销商承担责任，由承销商续发兑付，由此导致一系列扭曲和更为严重的后果。如果由合格机构投资者来投资公司债，也就不存在上述问题。
在发达国家，公司债主要面向合格机构投资者发行，绝大部分是在柜台交易市场进行交易，并强调对手风险和交易价格自主决定。当然也有一小部分的小额高等级债券通过交易所市场交易，采取自动撮合方式交易。由于这样的公司债等级较高，所以违约风险很低。此外，交易所往往对公司债交易设有限额，只允许进行小额交易，所有大额交易都通过柜台交易市场实现。
Science and Technology
肌肉最有可能成为基因增益法的首选目标，但其他目标也会随之而来。例如，氧气含量会影响肌肉的耐力，红血球生成素是体内的一种蛋白质，能刺激携氧红血球的生成，其合成药物型式为EPO。开发EPO的目的原为治疗贫血，但却让运动员滥用，最著名的例子，是1998年环法自行车公开赛时，选手因使用EPO，而全队遭到禁赛。然而，运动员滥用EPO的现象仍然存在。
以基因转植增强红血球生成素，已进行动物试验，结果显示，如贸然在人体试验，将导致潜在的危险。1997-1998年间，科学家曾将合成红血球生成素基因移植猴子和狒狒体内，在这两项实验中，动物的红血球数在十周内增加近两倍，使得血液太黏，必须为动物定期稀释血液，以免心脏衰竭。
目前，运动员尚无法接触基因转植技术。尽管如此，运动管理官员仍担忧，掌握此类技术的人员制造、贩卖所谓“设计类固醇”的事件重演，有朝一日，也会形成遗传工程技术增益的市场。由于检测的难度提高，制定防范滥用基因的政策将比监控药物滥用更加困难。
