世贸组织总理事会中美辩论实录
（2018年5月8日日内瓦）
2018年5月8日，世贸组织总理事会召开年内第二次会议，中方提出三项议题：上诉机构成员遴选、美国在“232条款”下对钢铝产品的措施、美国《1974年贸易法》“301条款”。
本文为“议题三 美国《1974年贸易法》“301条款””中英文实录。
议题三 美国《1974年贸易法》“301条款”
Agenda Item: US Section301 of the Trade Act of 1974
张向晨大使发言：
Ambassador Zhang Xiangchen:
主席先生，
Thank you, Mr. Chairman,
世贸成员对美国《1974年贸易法》“301条款”不应感到陌生。
I assume that the WTO members are not unfamiliar with something called Section301 of the1974 Trade Act of the United States.
事实上，自1974年以来，美国曾对35个国家和地区发起125起“301条款”调查。这段历史并不久远，在座许多人对这些调查的破坏性应当记忆犹新。
In fact, since its enactment in1974, as many as 125 investigations have been launched by the United States against 35 countries and regions around the world. This is not an ancient history. Many of us still have fresh memory of the devastations caused by these investigations.
重温历史。世贸组织成立后，对于“301条款”国曾承诺，不会在没有争端解决机构裁决的情况下，单边使用“301条款”则美国将承担国家责任。
Let us also refresh our memories that the United States has "explicitly, officially, repeatedly and unconditionally confirmed" its commitments undertaken in its 1994 Statement of Administrative Action(SAA) that it would base a Section301 decision only on adopted DSB findings. Otherwise, "the US would incur state responsibility since its law would be rendered inconsistent with the obligations under DSU Article23."
现在美国无视这些承诺，宣布将对中方采取大规模制裁措施。这是典型的单边主义和贸易保护主义行为，违反世贸组织最惠国待遇等核心规则。
Today, the US seems to have forgotten these commitments by announcing the massive unilateral tariffs against China. It is a typical unilateral and protectionist action, which manifests an intentional and gross violation of the WTO's fundamental principle of non-discrimination.
18年前，世贸组织就已裁定美国“301条款”法律本身与多边贸易体制不相容。仅仅因为美国政府在1994年做出的《行政行动声明》，才使得这一法律免于被裁违规。
18 years ago, the DSB adopted a clear finding that Section301 is prima facie incompatible with the multilateral trading system. It was the 1994 SAA that saved the US law from being ruled as a violation of the WTO rules.
18年后的今天，“301条款”调查卷土重来，不幸的是，中国首当其冲；幸运的是，中国足够强大。
18 years later, Section301 is coming back. It is unfortunate that China is picked as the first target, but fortunately China is big and strong enough.
我们不禁会问，下一个目标会是谁呢？
We are wondering, who is the next target?
历史告诉我们，单边主义一旦失去制约，将严重破坏世界经济的稳定性，使所有国家尤其是发展中国家受害。同时，它可以随时对准任何目标，中小经济体将难以单独抵御。
History teaches us that if the unilateralism is unrestrained, it would bring destruction to the world economy and rip all members, especially the developing countries. Anybody at any time can be its target, and nobody, especially the small and medium economies, can defend themselves on their own.
美方贸易政策的单边主义倾向必须引起所有成员的警惕和坚决抵制。维护多边贸易体制是所有世贸成员的责任，也是唯一正确的选择。
The unilateral tendency of the US's trade policy shall be of serious concern of all Members and shall be firmly rejected. To do so is not just our responsibility, but also the only right way to cope with it.
在全球化深入发展的今天，世界早已结成“你中有我，我中有你”的利益共同体，单边主义损人害己。正如习近平主席指出的，“搞保护主义如同把自己关进黑屋子，看似躲过了风吹雨打，但也隔绝了阳光和空气。”
Today, the globalization has made us increasingly interdependent and forming a community of shared interests. Any unilateral action would injure others and ruin itself. As our President Xi Jinping has rightly pointed out in Davos, "pursuing protectionism is just like locking oneself in a dark room: wind and rain might be kept outside but so are light and air".
中方希望世贸成员能携起手来，捍卫以规则为基础的多边贸易体制，也希望美方改弦更张，不要将全球拖入“贸易战"的险境。
China is expecting all members to join hands together and to collectively safeguard the rules-based multilateral trading system, and we urge the US to change its course of unilateral practice and avoid dragging the world into a trade war.
感谢主席先生！
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
谢伊大使发言：
Ambassador Dennis Shea:
Mr. Chairman, we have now entered the realm of Alice in Wonderland. White is black. Up is down. It is amazing to watch a country that is the world's most protectionist, mercantilist economy position itself as the self-proclaimed defender of free trade and the global trading system. The WTO must avoid falling down this rabbit hole into a fantasy world, lest it lose all credibility.
主席先生，我们现在进入到了爱丽丝仙境。这里白就是黑，上下颠倒。世界上最具保护主义色彩的重商主义经济体，却自诩为自由贸易和全球贸易体系的捍卫者，这令人惊诧。世贸组织必须避免跌入兔子洞，进入一个幻想世界，否则该组织将失去所有可信度。
The truth is, it is China that is the unilateralist, consistently acting in ways that undermine the global system of open and fair trade. Market access barriers too numerous to mention; forced technology transfers; intellectual property theft on an unprecedented scale; indigenous innovation policies and the Made in China 2025 program; discriminatory use of technical standards; massive government subsidies that have led to chronic overcapacity in key industrial sectors; and a highly restrictive foreign investment regime- these are the issues that should be on today's agenda. If the WTO wishes to remain relevant, it must— with urgency- confront the havoc created by China's state capitalism.
事情的真相是，中国才是单边主义者，其行为一直在破坏开放和公平的全球贸易体系。今天的议程其实应该讨论以下议题：数不清的市场准入壁垒；强制技术转让；规模空前的知识产权盗窃；自主创新政策和“中国制造2025”计划；歧视性技术标准；大规模政府补贴导致重要产业部门长期产能过剩；以及高度限制性的外资政策。如果 WTO还想保持其存在的合理性，就必须立即面对中国国家资本主义所带来的破坏。
This brings me to the Section301 report that China has asked to be reflected on today's agenda.
这种情况使我们回到中方要求列入今天会议议程的301报告。
As Members are aware, the United States has issued a detailed factual report running nearly 200 pages with more than one thousand one hundred footnotes that details China's distortive policies on technology transfer. China has not provided any evidence to refute the report's facts or conclusions, only mere denials. The report, containing extensive evidence, is available on the USTR website.
众所周知，美方已发表了近200页的详细事实报告，包含一千多个脚注，详细描述了中国有关技术转让的扭曲性政策。中方没有提供任何证据来反驳报告的事实或结论，而仅仅是予以否认。该报告包含大量证据，可在 USTR网站上查阅。
What are these policies? There are four types of practices involving technology transfer:
中方上述政策都是什么呢？其中有四类措施涉及技术转让：
First, China uses foreign ownership restrictions, such as joint venture requirements and foreign equity limitations, and various administrative review and licensing processes, to require or pressure technology transfer from foreign companies.
第一，中国通过限制外方所有权来要求或迫使外国公司进行技术转让，如要求合资、限制外方股权以及各种行政审查和许可程序。
These foreign ownership restrictions prohibit foreign investors from operating in certain industries unless they partner with a Chinese company, and in some cases, unless the Chinese partner is the controlling shareholder.
这些外资所有权限制政策要求外国投资者与中国公司合资，并且在某些情况下，需由中方合资人控股，否则就禁止外国投资者在某些行业经营。
These requirements preclude foreign companies from entering the market on their own terms, and lay the foundation for China to require or pressure the transfer of technology.
上述要求阻止外国公司按自己的方式进入中国市场，同时为中国强制技术转让做了铺垫。
China also uses its administrative licensing and approvals processes to force technology transfer in exchange for the numerous approvals needed to establish and operate a business in China.
中国还利用其行政许可和审批程序强迫外方通过技术转让来获得在中国建立和经营企业所需的大量审批。
Vague provisions and uncertainty about the applicable rules provide Chinese authorities with wide discretion to use administrative processes to pressure technology transfer or otherwise act in furtherance of China's trade-distorting industrial policy objectives. And so I am compelled to ask: is this unilateralism designed to benefit China at the expense of its trading partners?
规定的模糊和规则的不确定性，使中国政府拥有极大的自由裁量权，采用行政程序来强迫技术转让，或推动实现其扭曲贸易的产业政策目标。所以，我不得不问：这算不算是旨在牺牲贸易伙伴的利益来利己的单边主义？
Second, China's regime of technology regulations forces U.S. companies seeking to license technologies to Chinese entities to do so on non-market-based terms that favor Chinese recipients.
第二，中方的技术法规强迫欲通过许可转让技术的美国企业以非市场条件将技术转让给中国企业，使后者受益。
China imposes a different set of rules for imported technology transfers originating from outside China, such as from foreign entities attempting to do business in China. These rules do not apply to technology transfers occurring between two domestic Chinese companies.
对于想在中国开展业务的外国企业，中方对外国进口的技术转让实施了一系列不同规定。这些规定却不适用于中国企业之间的技术转让。
China's mandatory requirements for importation of foreign technology are discriminatory and clearly more burdensome than the requirements applicable to domestic Chinese companies.
中方对进口外国技术的强制性要求具有歧视性，并且明显高于对本国企业的要求。
Specifically, China mandates that all indemnity risks be borne by the foreign technology transferor. Parties cannot negotiate the allocation of this risk, even if the transferee would be willing to bear the risk under the contract.
具体而言，中方要求所有赔偿风险由外方技术转让人承担。即使中方技术受让人愿意承担合同风险，也不允许各方就风险分担进行谈判。
China also mandates that all improvements belong to the party making the improvement and that a foreign licensor cannot stop the Chinese licensee from making improvements to the technology. China further requires that joint ventures, mandated under Chinese law, may continue to use transferred technology after the conclusion of any licensing contract.
中方还规定所有技术改进都属于改进方，而外方技术转让人不能阻止中方技术受让人改进技术。根据中国法律，中方还进一步要求合资企业可以在技术许可合同执行完毕后继续使用转让技术。
These restrictions tip the technology transfer regime in favor of Chinese entities before a foreign company even attempts to enter the market in China. And so I am compelled to ask: is this unilateralism designed to benefit China at the expense of its trading partners?
甚至在外国公司想要进入中国市场之前，这些限制措施便已经使技术转让制度偏向于中国企业。所以，我不得不问：这算不算是旨在牺牲贸易伙伴的利益来利己的单边主义？
Third, China directs and unfairly facilitates the systematic investment in, and acquisition of, foreign companies and assets by Chinese companies to obtain cutting-edge technologies and intellectual property and generate the transfer of technology to Chinese companies.
第三，中国直接和不公平地为中国公司系统地投资和收购外国公司和资产提供便利，以获取最先进的技术和知识产权，并使其向中国公司转让技术。
The role of the state in directing and supporting this outbound investment strategy is pervasive and evident at multiple levels of government— central, regional, and local.
国家指导和支持这一境外投资策略的情况非常普遍，而且在中央、地区和地方等各级政府均很明显。
China has devoted massive amounts of financing to encourage and facilitate outbound investment in areas it deems strategic.
中国提供大量资金鼓励和便利其海外投资投向哪些中国在认为具有战略意义的领域。
To implement these policies, China employs tools such as investment approval mechanisms and a system of "encouraged" sectors to channel and support outbound investment.
为落实这些政策，中国采用了投资审批机制和“鼓励”行业体系等工具来引导和支持境外投资。
These investments and acquisitions align with state objectives and policies, and are often undertaken by state-owned enterprises that are, by definition, owned and controlled by the government.
这些投资和收购与国家的目标和政策保持一致，并通常由国有企业完成，而这些企业由政府拥有并控制。
Even when undertaken by companies in which the government does not own an observable controlling stake, these transactions are frequently guided and directed by the state.
即使对外投资的企业中并没有可见的政府控股，这些交易也经常接受国家的指导和指令。
In addition, many of these transactions are funded by state-owned entities or banks, often in situations where comparable commercial financing would have been unavailable. And so I am compelled to ask: is this unilateralism designed to benefit China at the expense of its trading partners?
另外，这些交易多由国有实体或银行提供资金，而在可比较的条件下通常是无法获得商业融资的。所以，我不得不问：这算不算是旨在牺牲贸易伙伴的利益来利己的单边主义？
Fourth, China conducts and supports unauthorized intrusions into, and theft from, the computer networks of foreign companies to access their sensitive commercial information and trade secrets.
第四，中国对外国公司的计算机网络进行或支持未经授权的入侵和窃取，以获取敏感的商业信息和商业秘密。
For over a decade, China has conducted and supported cyber intrusions into U.S. commercial networks, targeting confidential business information held by U.S. firms.
十多年来，针对美国公司持有的商业机密信息，中国一直开展并支持网络入侵美国商业网络。
Through these cyber intrusions, China has gained unauthorized access to a wide range of commercially-valuable business information, including trade secrets, technical data, negotiating positions, and sensitive and proprietary internal communications.
通过这些网络入侵，中国已经获得了许多具有商业价值的商业信息，包括商业秘密、技术数据、谈判立场以及敏感和专有的内部通讯。
China has used cyber-enabled theft and cyber intrusions to serve its strategic economic objectives. Documented incidents of China's cyber intrusions against U.S. commercial entities align closely with China's industrial policy objectives. And so I am compelled to ask: is this unilateralism designed to benefit China at the expense of its trading partners?
中国通过网络窃取和网络入侵来实现其战略经济目标。关于中国对美国商业实体的网络入侵案例记载与中国的产业政策目标紧密契合。所以，我不得不问：这算不算是旨在牺牲贸易伙伴的利益来利己的单边主义？
These four technology transfer policies harm every Member, and every industry in every Member, that relies on technology for maintaining competitiveness in world markets and increasing its people's standard of living.
这四项技术转让政策伤害到每个成员及他们的每个行业。他们是依靠技术来维持在全球市场的竞争力进而提高人们的生活水平。
Instead of addressing its damaging and discriminatory policies, China accuses the United States of "unilateralism."
然而，中国不去处理自己的破坏性和歧视性政策，却来指责美国“单边主义”。
This criticism has absolutely no validity. To the contrary, the four policies and practices I have outlined are examples of unilateralism by China, advancing its own interests at the expense of all of ours, and causing economic harm worth tens of billions of dollars annually to the United States, and multiples of that to WTO Members collectively.
这种批评完全没有道理。相反，我所列举的四项政策和做法是中国实施单边主义的例子。这些政策和做法以牺牲我们所有成员的利益为代价，来推动实现自身的利益，每年对美国造成数百亿美元的经济损失。对于世贸成员总体造成的损失，则是美国损失的数倍。
The WTO system is not threatened— as China claims— where a Member takes steps to address harmful, trade distorting policies not directly covered by WTO rules. To the contrary, what does threaten the WTO is that China is asserting that the mere existence of the WTO prevents any action by any Member to address its unfair, trade-distorting practices and policies— unless those policies are currently subject to WTO dispute settlement.
世贸组织并未像中国声称的那样，因为某个成员采取措施去解决世贸规则无法直接管辖的有害贸易扭曲政策而受到威胁。相反，对世贸组织构成威胁的是，中国认为世贸组织的存在阻止了任何成员采取行动来解决中方的不公平、贸易扭曲的政策和做法，除非受到 WTO争端解决的制约。
If the WTO is seen as a shield protecting those Members that choose to adopt policies that can be shown to undermine the fairness and balance of the international trading system, then the WTO and the international trading system will lose all credibility and support among our citizens.
如果世贸组织被当作那些采取了可能破坏国际贸易体制公平和平衡措施的成员的保护伞，那么，世贸组织和国际贸易体制也将失去民众的信任和支持。
(Interventions by Russia, EU, Japan, Cambodia, Venezuela, Cuba, Bolivia, Brazil, Pakistan, Tanzania)
（中美发言后，俄罗斯、欧盟、日本、巴基斯坦、坦桑尼亚、柬埔寨、委内瑞拉、古巴、玻利维亚、巴西先后发言。）
