原创： 鬼谷一喵  翻译天堂  2016-11-06

三笔综合比较简单，词汇量要求也不高。阅读有一篇一片种族主义，人口老龄化，一篇MOOC，完型题是捕鸟

二笔完型是老太太自述，阅读一个IT招聘，一个出版物开放科研结果查询的（经济学人，原文见下），一个自控力（纽约时报，见下）。难度和大纲样题差不多，难度也不高

A golden future?

未来一片光明?

Publishers do provide a service.

出版商也确实做了一些工作，

They organise peer review, in which papers are criticised anonymously by experts.

他们要对论文经行同业互查，

And they sort the scientific sheep from the goats, by deciding what gets published, andwhere.

并且还要对论文进行分类和挑选，决定是否出版和在哪里出版。

That gives the publishers huge power.

这就给了出版商很大的权利，

Since researchers, administrators and grant-awarding bodies all take note of which work hasgot through this filtering mechanism,

因为研究者、管理员和拨款奖励机构都在注意谁的论文通过了这个过滤机制，

the competition to publish in the best journals is intense, and the system becomesself-reinforcing,

在最好的期刊上发表论文的竞争非常激烈，出版系统就变得更加自我强化，

increasing the value of those journals still further.

也推高了那些期刊的价值。

But not, perhaps, for much longer.

或许以后不会再这样了，

Support has been swelling for open-access scientific publishing:

支持开放科学出版业的呼声越来越强烈：

doing it online, in a way that allows anyone to read papers free of charge.

把研究成果放到网上，让任何人都可以免费查阅。

The movement started among scientists themselves,

这个运动开始由科学家发起，

but governments are now,

但是现在政府也站了出来，

as Britain's announcement makes clear, paying attention and asking whether they, too,might benefit from the change.

比如英国政府的通告就很清楚，它不仅在关注此事，还询问科学家们是否可以从这个变化中受益。

The British announcement followed the publication of a report by Dame Janet Finch, asociologist at the University of Manchester,

Dame Janet Finch的报告发表之后英国政府才发出通告，

which recommends encouraging a business model adopted by one of the pioneers ofopen-access publishing, the Public Library of Science.

这位曼彻斯特大学的社会学家建议鼓励一种商业模式，这个方法被一家开放出版业的先锋—公共科学图书馆所采纳。

This organisation, a charity based in San Francisco, charges authors a fee and then makestheir papers available over the internet for nothing.

公共科学图书馆是一家位于旧金山的慈善组织，它会付给作者一笔费用，然后再把他们的论文在网上免费公开。

For PLoS, as the charity is widely known, this works well.

对于公共科学图书馆来说，它的慈善事业广为人知，并且做得很好，

It has launched seven widely respected electronic journals since its foundation in 2000.

并且从2000成立开始，已经出版了7大类备受推崇的电子期刊，

For reasons lost in history, this is known as the gold model.

虽然由于各种各样的原因，它们都淹没在历史的尘埃中，这种方式被称为 “黄金模式”。

The NIH's approach is different.

国家卫生研究所的方法不一样，

It lets researchers publish in traditional journals, but on condition that, within a year, theypost their papers on a free “repository” website called PubMed.

它允许传统学术期刊发表研究人员的论文，但是有一个条件，就是在一年之内他的论文会在一家名为PubMed网站的免费“知识库”中公布，

Journals have to agree to this, or be excluded from the process.

期刊出版商必须同意这么做，要么就会被排除在该程序之外，

This is known as the green model.

这就被称为“绿色模式”。

Both gold and green models involve prepublication peer review.

不管是黄金模式还是绿色模式都涉及到正式出版前的同业互查问题，

But a third does away with even that.

但第三种就不需要这样了，

Many scientists, physicists in particular, now upload drafts of their papers into publicarchives paid for by networks of universities for the general good.

现在很多科学家都为共同利益而把他们的草稿上传到由大学运营的网络公共档案馆中，

Here, manuscripts are subject to a ruthless process of open peer review, rather than thesecret sort traditional publishers employ.

在这里，手稿都暴露在严格的同业互查之下，而不是被传统出版商私下分类。

An arXived paper may end up in a traditional journal, but that is merely to provide animprimatur for the research team who wrote it.

一份被arXiv化论文可能会以传统期刊的出版而结束，但这仅仅只是为研究小组提供出版许可，

Its actual publication, and its value to other scientists, dates from its original arrival online.

它的实际出版物，还有对其他科学家的价值和原始数据都可以在网上找到。

The success of PLoS, and the political shift towards open access, is encouraging other newventures, too.

科学公共图书馆的成功让其把政策转向开放阅览，这也鼓励了其他新的投资者。

Seeing the writing on the wall, several commercial publishers are experimenting withgold-model publishing.

在看到这些“不祥之兆”后，一些商业出版商开始尝试以“黄金模式”出版，

Meanwhile, later this year, a coalition of the Wellcome Trust, the Max Planck Institute and theHoward Hughes Medical Institute will publish the first edition of eLife, an open-access journalwith ambitions to rival the most famous journal of the lot, Nature.

与此同时，在今年晚些时候，马普研究院和霍华休斯医学研究中心将与维康信托基金会合作，出版首期eLife电子期刊，这份开放阅览的期刊有信心与它们之中最著名的《自然》竞争，

The deep pockets of these organisations mean that, for the first few years at least, thisjournal will not even require a publication fee.

那些财大气粗的组织甚至想至少在头几年不对期刊收取出版费。

Much remains to be worked out.

仍然还有许多要解决的东西，

Some fear the loss of the traditional journals'curation and verification of research.

一些人担心会失去传统期刊的内容治理和调查核实，

Even Sir Mark Walport, the director of the Wellcome Trust and a fierce advocate ofopen-access publication, worries that a system based on the green model could becomefragmented.

甚至维康信托基金会的主管和开放出版的坚定支持者Mark Walport先生也担心基于绿色模式的系统会分崩离析，

That might happen if the newly liberated papers ended up in different places rather thanbeing consolidated in the way the NIH insists on.

如果新式宽松论文政策被某些原因终结而不是如NIH所坚持走统一合并的路子，这一切就有可能发生。

But research just published in BMC Medicine suggests papers in open-access journals are aswidely cited as those in traditional publications.

但是根据《BMC医学》最近公布的调查显示，开放阅览期刊被引用的广泛程度和传统期刊一样多。

A revolution, then, has begun.

所以一场革命已经开始了，

Technology permits it; researchers and politicians want it.

不仅技术上可行，研究人员和政客也需要。

If scientific publishers are not trembling in their boots, they should be.

如果传统科技图书出版商没有觉得胆战心惊的话，那现在就是时候了。

Tighten Your Belt, Strengthen Your Mind

Nickel

DECLINING house prices, rising job layoffs, skyrocketing oil costs and a major credit crunch have brought consumer confidence to its lowest point in five years. With a relatively long recession looking increasingly likely, many American families may be planning to tighten their belts.

Interestingly, restraining our consumer spending, in the short term, may cause us to actually loosen the belts around our waists. What’s the connection? The brain has a limited capacity for self-regulation, so exerting willpower in one area often leads to backsliding in others. The good news, however, is that practice increases willpower capacity, so that in the long run, buying less now may improve our ability to achieve future goals — like losing those 10 pounds we gained when we weren’t out shopping.

The brain’s store of willpower is depleted when people control their thoughts, feelings or impulses, or when they modify their behavior in pursuit of goals. Psychologist Roy Baumeister and others have found that people who successfully accomplish one task requiring self-control are less persistent on a second, seemingly unrelated task.

In one pioneering study, some people were asked to eat radishes while others received freshly baked chocolate chip cookies before trying to solve an impossible puzzle. The radish-eaters abandoned the puzzle in eight minutes on average, working less than half as long as people who got cookies or those who were excused from eating radishes. Similarly, people who were asked to circle every “e” on a page of text then showed less persistence in watching a video of an unchanging table and wall.

Other activities that deplete willpower include resisting food or drink, suppressing emotional responses, restraining aggressive or sexual impulses, taking exams and trying to impress someone. Task persistence is also reduced when people are stressed or tired from exertion or lack of sleep.

What limits willpower? Some have suggested that it is blood sugar, which brain cells use as their main energy source and cannot do without for even a few minutes. Most cognitive functions are unaffected by minor blood sugar fluctuations over the course of a day, but planning and self-control are sensitive to such small changes. Exerting self-control lowers blood sugar, which reduces the capacity for further self-control. People who drink a glass of lemonade between completing one task requiring self-control and beginning a second one perform equally well on both tasks, while people who drink sugarless diet lemonade make more errors on the second task than on the first. Foods that persistently elevate blood sugar, like those containing protein or complex carbohydrates, might enhance willpower for longer periods.

In the short term, you should spend your limited willpower budget wisely. For example, if you do not want to drink too much at a party, then on the way to the festivities, you should not deplete your willpower by window shopping for items you cannot afford. Taking an alternative route to avoid passing the store would be a better strategy.

On the other hand, if you need to study for a big exam, it might be smart to let the housecleaning slide to conserve your willpower for the more important job. Similarly, it can be counterproductive to work toward multiple goals at the same time if your willpower cannot cover all the efforts that are required. Concentrating your effort on one or at most a few goals at a time increases the odds of success.

Focusing on success is important because willpower can grow in the long term. Like a muscle, willpower seems to become stronger with use. The idea of exercising willpower is seen in military boot camp, where recruits are trained to overcome one challenge after another.

In psychological studies, even something as simple as using your nondominant hand to brush your teeth for two weeks can increase willpower capacity. People who stick to an exercise program for two months report reducing their impulsive spending, junk food intake, alcohol use and smoking. They also study more, watch less television and do more housework. Other forms of willpower training, like money-management classes, work as well.

No one knows why willpower can grow with practice but it must reflect some biological change in the brain. Perhaps neurons in the frontal cortex, which is responsible for planning behavior, or in the anterior cingulate cortex, which is associated with cognitive control, use blood sugar more efficiently after repeated challenges. Or maybe one of the chemical messengers that neurons use to communicate with one another is produced in larger quantities after it has been used up repeatedly, thereby improving the brain’s willpower capacity.

Whatever the explanation, consistently doing any activity that requires self-control seems to increase willpower — and the ability to resist impulses and delay gratification is highly associated with success in life.

Sandra Aamodt, the editor in chief of Nature Neuroscience, and Sam Wang, an associate professor of molecular biology and neuroscience at Princeton, are the authors of “Welcome to Your Brain: Why You Lose Your Car Keys but Never Forget How to Drive and Other Puzzles of Everyday Life.”