原创： 鬼谷一喵  翻译天堂  2016-10-31

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推论题

出题形式：infer/learn/know/conclude from/从某段学到什么

解题方法：对应文中一到两个点，很少针对全文，本着顺序出题的原则确定答案段。

注意事项：推论题其实是考对文章信息的概括，不是联想和推导。

The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. Butas the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company' s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.（灰色不读，黄色重点）

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ____.

［A］Entergy' s business elsewhere might be affected

［B］the authority of the NRC will be defied

［C］Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application

［D］Vermont' s reputation might be damaged

态度题

出题形式：attitude/tone/the author feels

解题方法：2-4当作细节题定位解决，5题通常为全文态度重点看最后一段

注意事项：注意修饰词比如strongly, mildly, somewhat

Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. （灰色不读，黄色重点）

In the author' s view, the Vermont case will test ____.

［A］Entergy' s capacity to fulfill all its promises 

［B］the nature of states' patchwork regulations 

［C］the federal authority over nuclear issues

［D］the limits of states' power over nuclear issues

主旨题

出题形式：the main idea/the best title

解题方法：放到最后在做，根据其他题目中反腐出现的核心词汇和文章首尾句信息解题

注意事项：选标题的题目，重点关注冒号后面（如有）

In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. ……Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.

Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.……This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.

Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. …… As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.

Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. ……Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.

In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”

Which of the following would be the best title of the test?（省略号省掉了不用读的段落中央）

 [A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.1

 [B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.2

 [C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.

 [D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science. 3（ 根据主题词credibility可以排除A和B,C和D的区别是在范围上的，文中不只是说了质疑，还有一系列的事情，所以答案为C。 ）

例证题

出题形式：te story/example/case is mentioned to prove/illustrate/show

解题方法：寻找例子前后的论证观点80%在前，20%的情况在后。

注意事项：选项中不能出现例子本身或者例子的指代词，不能出现具体数据和事例。

Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.

As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.

John Donahue atHarvard' s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America. （灰色不读，黑色关键提示，黄色重点读）

The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions ____.

［A］often run against the current political system. 

［B］can change people' s political attitudes. 

［C］may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.

［D］are dominant in the government.

语义题

出题形式：...refers to/means

解题方法：重点利用前后句之间的并列转折关系（必为同义反义）

注意事项：多数情况下是无法运用词根词缀知识判断的

A deal is a deal—except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.

The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to ____.（蓝色定调，黑色加粗确认反义词负面） ［A］condemning ［B］reaffirming ［C］dishonoring ［D］securing

细节题

出题形式：具体信息（偶尔需要用到排除法解决which of the following is NOT）

解题方法：选项通常是文章同义改写，寻找信息点跳读比较

注意事项：注意修饰语和比较关系，并且一般也是没有推导这回事儿的，别想太多。

The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don' t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. （灰色不读，黄色定位，黑色重点）

Rosenberg holds that public advocates should ____.

 ［A］recruit professional advertisers

 ［B］learn from advertisers' experience

 ［C］stay away from commercial advertisers

 ［D］recognize the limitations of advertisements

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