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——天堂君
一、中国切实履行加入世贸组织承诺
I. China Has Faithfully Fulfilled Its WTO Accession Commitments
2001年中国加入世贸组织以来，不断完善社会主义市场经济体制，全面加强同多边贸易规则的对接，切实履行货物和服务开放承诺，强化知识产权保护，对外开放政策的稳定性、透明度、可预见性显著提高，为多边贸易体制有效运转作出了积极贡献。
Since China acceded to the World Trade Organization in 2001, it has made continued efforts to improve its socialist market economy system, further align its policies with multilateral trade rules in all areas, honor its commitments on opening trade in goods and services, and strengthen intellectual property rights (IPR) protection. Remarkable improvements have been made in enhancing the stability, transparency, and predictability of its opening-up policies. China has contributed significantly to the effective operation of the multilateral trading system.
（一）完善社会主义市场经济体制和法律体系
1. Improving the socialist market economy and relevant legal system
始终坚持社会主义市场经济改革方向。加快完善社会主义市场经济体制，健全市场体系，理顺政府和市场关系，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用。广泛开展世贸组织规则宣传教育，市场意识、竞争意识、规则意识、法治观念深入人心。
Consistently reforming to develop the socialist market economy. China has accelerated efforts to improve the socialist market economy system and strengthen the market system. This has involved reorganizing the relationship between the government and the market, letting the market play the decisive role in resource allocation and the government play its role better. Education campaigns on WTO rules have been extensively rolled out, raising public awareness of the market, competition, rules and the concept of rule of law.
不断健全社会主义市场经济法律体系。坚持依法治国，全面遵守和执行世贸组织规则，完善基于规则的市场经济法律法规，构建符合多边贸易规则的法律体系。加入世贸组织后，大规模开展法律法规清理修订工作，中央政府清理法律法规和部门规章2300多件，地方政府清理地方性政策法规19万多件，覆盖贸易、投资和知识产权保护等各个方面。
Continuously improving the legal system of socialist market economy. Upholding the rule of law, China has faithfully observed and implemented WTO rules, improved its laws and regulations on market economy, and built up a legal system in line with multilateral trade rules. After its accession, China launched major efforts to review and revise relevant laws and regulations, involving 2,300 laws, regulations and departmental rules at central government level, and 190,000 policies and regulations at sub-central government levels, covering trade, investment, IPR protection, etc.
2014年，制订进一步加强贸易政策合规工作的政策文件，要求各级政府在拟定贸易政策的过程中，对照世贸组织协定及中国加入承诺进行合规性评估。2016年，建立规范性文件合法性审查机制，进一步清理规范性文件，增强公共政策制定透明度和公众参与度。
In 2014, China issued an official document on furthering trade policy compliance with WTO rules, requiring government at all levels to assess proposed trade policies in accordance with WTO agreements and China’s commitments. In 2016, China set up a legality review mechanism to examine normative documents, enhancing the transparency of and public participation in policy development.
（二）履行货物贸易领域开放承诺
2. Fulfilling commitments on trade in goods
大幅降低进口关税。减少进口成本，促进贸易发展，让世界各国更多分享中国经济增长、消费繁荣带来的红利。截至2010年，中国货物降税承诺全部履行完毕，关税总水平由2001年的15.3%降至9.8%。
Substantively reducing import tariffs. By reducing import costs to boost trade, China has shared its development dividend and growing markets with the rest of the world. By 2010, China had fulfilled all of its tariff reduction commitments, reducing the average tariff level from 15.3 percent in 2001 to 9.8 percent.
其中，工业品平均税率由14.8%降至8.9%；农产品平均税率由23.2%降至15.2%，约为世界农产品平均关税水平的四分之一，远低于发展中成员56%和发达成员39%的平均关税水平。农产品的最高约束关税为65%，而美国、欧盟、日本分别为440%、408%、1706%。
It lowered the average tariff rate of manufactured goods from 14.8 to 8.9 percent. It cut the average tariff rate of agricultural products from 23.2 to 15.2 percent, about one fourth of the global average and far lower than those imposed by the WTO’s developing members (56 percent) and developed members (39 percent). China’s maximum bound tariff rate of agricultural products is 65 percent, while the corresponding rates of the United States, the European Union and Japan are 440, 408 and 1,706 percent respectively.
显著削减非关税壁垒。减少不必要的贸易限制，促进贸易透明畅通。截至2005年1月，中国已按加入承诺全部取消了进口配额、进口许可证和特定招标等非关税措施，涉及汽车、机电产品、天然橡胶等424个税号产品；对小麦、玉米、大米、食糖、棉花、羊毛、毛条和化肥等关系国计民生的大宗商品实行关税配额管理。
Significantly lowering non-tariff barriers. To increase transparency and facilitate trade, China has reduced unnecessary trade restrictions. By January 2005, in accordance with its commitments, China had eliminated import quotas, import licenses, specific import tendering requirements and other non-tariff measures with regard to 424 items such as automobiles, machinery and electronics products, and natural rubber. It introduced tariff rate quota administration for important bulk commodities, i.e. wheat, corn, rice, sugar, cotton, wool, wool top, and chemical fertilizers.
全面放开外贸经营权。促进经营主体多元化，激发各类企业开展贸易的积极性。自2004年7月起，中国对企业的外贸经营权由审批制改为备案登记制，极大地释放了民营企业的外贸活力，民营企业进出口发展迅速，份额持续扩大，成为对外贸易的重要经营主体。民营企业和外商投资企业进出口占全国进出口总额的比重由2001年的57.5%上升到2017年的83.7%。2017年，作为第一大出口经营主体的民营企业出口占比达46.6%。
Liberalizing the right to trade. To diversify entities and stimulate their enthusiasm to engage in foreign trade, in July 2004, China replaced approval system with registration system for foreign trade authorization, releasing immense vigor of private businesses which has led to a surge of foreign trade in the private sector. With rapid growth and an increasing share of the market, private companies have become important actors in China’s foreign trade. In 2017, foreign trade by private companies and foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) accounted for 83.7 percent of the country’s total trade volume, up from 57.5 percent in 2001. In 2017, Chinese private companies, which take the largest share of China’s exports, contributed 46.6 percent of all goods and services exported.
（三）履行服务贸易领域开放承诺
3. Fulfilling commitments on trade in services
广泛开放服务市场。大力推动服务业各领域快速发展，提高服务业对国民经济的贡献。在世贸组织分类的12大类服务部门的160个分部门中，中国承诺开放9大类的100个分部门，接近发达成员平均承诺开放108个分部门的水平。截至2007年，中国服务贸易领域开放承诺已全部履行完毕。
Extensively opening up the services market. China has striven to boost the services industry and increase its share of contribution to the economy. Of the 160 services sub-sectors under the 12-sector WTO classification, China committed to opening up 100 sub-sectors under 9 sectors, a level approximate to the average 108 sub-sectors committed by the developed members of the WTO. By 2007, China had honored all of its commitments on trade in services.
持续减少限制措施。逐步降低服务领域外资准入门槛，按期取消服务领域的地域和数量限制，不断扩大允许外资从事服务领域的业务范围。其中，在快递、银行、财产保险等54个服务分部门允许设立外商独资企业，在计算机、环境等23个分部门允许外资控股，在电信、铁路运输、旅游等80个分部门给予外资国民待遇。2010年，中国服务业吸引外商直接投资额首次超过制造业，2017年吸引外商直接投资额占比达到73%。
Continuously reducing restrictions. China has step by step lowered the threshold for foreign investment to enter the services sectors in China, lifted geographical and quantitative restrictions on services according to schedule, and constantly broadened the business scope for foreign investment in the services sectors. China has permitted wholly foreign-owned enterprises in 54 sub-sectors such as courier, banking and property insurance services, allowed foreign majority ownership in 23 sub-sectors such as computer and environment services, and accorded national treatment to foreign capital in 80 sub-sectors such as telecommunication, rail transport, and tourism services. In 2010, foreign direct investment (FDI) flowing into China’s services industry surpassed that into manufacturing industry for the first time. In 2017, FDI in the services industry made up 73 percent of all FDI in China.
