各位许久不见~天堂君回来啦!
最近刷知乎时,偶然看到这样一个问题:
有时候想和外国朋友交流一下历史,介绍一下古代中国,或者反驳一下不友好外国人故意扭曲的中国历史,但发现很多词不会说。不是英语不好,而是不知道名词怎么对应的,比如分封制、宗法制、察举制、科举考试、三省六部,还有一些重要的事件和地名,例如西域都护府、高车、龟兹、五胡乱华等等,有时候查查电子字典,翻译也是五花八门的。哪里可以找到最正规的翻译呀?
这个问题很有意思,也很有远见。其中有一个答案按照时间顺序,列举了有关中国古代历史的词汇,分享在这里。为了更加全面,天堂君补充了近代的历史词汇,希望各位译友看到本篇文章后查漏补缺,一起完善。
先秦
旧石器时代 Paleolithic 或者 Old Stone Age
新石器时代 Neolithic 或者 New Stone Age
部落联盟 Tribal Union
传说时代 Mythical history
三皇五帝 Three Sovereigns and Five Legends 或者统称为 Legendary Ancient Sages
黄帝 Huang Di,Huang Ti 或者 Yellow Emperor
炎帝 Yan Di,Yan Ti,Yan Emperor 或者 Flame Emperor
华夏部 Huaxia Tribal Union
九黎部 Jiuli Tribal Union 或者 Tribal Union of Nine Lis
三代 Great Reigns of Three Generations
尧天舜日 Great Reigns of Yao and Shun
禅让制 Abdicating and passing down the throne
大禹 Yu, the Great
夏朝 Xia dynasty 或者 Hsia dynasty
商朝 Shang dynasty
信史 Faithful history
殷墟 Ruins of Yin, Relic of Yin 或者直接Yin Xu
甲骨文 Scripts on Oracle Bones
青铜年代 Bronze Age
周朝 Zhou dynasty 或者 Chou dynasty
西周 Western Zhou
天命 Mandate of Heaven
天子 Son of the Heavenly King
周公旦 Duke of Zhou
分封制:这个说法太多了,比较靠谱的是Feudalism system 或者 Enfeoffment system。有的文章用的Tributary system,个人觉得不靠谱,那是藩属国而不是诸侯国。
分封的诸侯国:这个说法也很多,常见的有Principality,Feudatory state 以及 Vassal state,比较喜欢第一个,因为后两种貌似指的是欧洲那种诸侯国或者附庸国;到了战国就可以直接说State了,比如秦国就是State Qin,魏国是State Wei,卫国是State Wey
诸侯本人:Feudal lords
宗法制:其实就是以血缘为准的嫡长子继承其余分封的制度,有人用Patriarchy这个词,但是这个词只强调了父系血统,却没有强调继承。比较喜欢的处理方法是直接说Zongfa system,然后再用一两句话解释,比如the wife’s eldest son will inherit the lineage of the clan, while younger sons of the wife and sons of concubines will not be regarded as rightful successors of the clan. The eldest son will also inherit the noble title of his father and majority share of the heritage.
礼乐制度 Rites and Music Principals
周礼 Rituals of Zhou
成康之治 Great Reigns of King Cheng and King Kang
昭王伐楚 Campaign against Chu during King Zhao’s Reign
穆天子之旅 Journey of King Mu
穆天子传 Tale of King Mu
国人暴动 Riot of people in the capital city
烽火戏诸侯 War Signal Drama 或者 Fake War Signals
东周 Eastern Zhou
春秋 Spring and Autumn Period
战国 Warring States Period
春秋五霸 Five Hegemons
吴越争霸 Contention of Wu and Yue 或者 Rivalry between Wu and Yue
战国七雄:貌似没有专门的说法,一般就是Seven Warring States
百家争鸣 Hundred Schools of Thoughts
儒家 Confucianism
孔子 Confucius 或 School of Ru(不常用)
孟子 Mencius
荀子 Xuncius
道家 Taoism 或 Daoism
老子 Lao Tzu 或 Laozi
庄子 Chuang Tzu或Zhuangzi
无为 Wu-wei,解释为Action of actionless
墨家 Mohism
法家 Legalism
名家 Logicianism 或者 School of Names
阴阳家 Naturalism,School of Naturalists 或者 School of Yin and Yang
纵横家 School of Diplomacy
小说家 School of Minor Talks
杂家 Syncretism
农家 Agriculturalism
医家 School of Medicine
兵家 School of Military
孙子兵法 The Art of War 或者 Art of Wars
孙子 Sun Tzu
四书五经 Four Books and Five Classics
论语 Analects of Confucius 或者直接 Lun Yu
大学 Great Learning
中庸 Doctrine of the Mean 或者直接 Zhongyong
诗经 Classic of Poetry 或者 Classic of Songs
书经 Book of Documents
礼记 Book of Rites 或者 Classic of Rites
易经 Book of Changes 或者 I-Ching
春秋 Annals of Spring and Autumn
六韬 Six Secret Teachings
商君书 The Book of Lord Shang
管子 Guanzi
韩非子 Han Feizi
法经 Canon of Laws
尸子 Shizi
列子 Liezi
竹书纪年 Bamboo Annals
战国四公子 Four Lords of Warring States
食客 Retainer
商鞅变法 Reform of Shang Yang in State Qin
胡服骑射 Riding and shooting in nomadic dress
井田制 Hashtag-shaped-field system 或者 Well-field system,但显然前一个对外国人来说更直白
都江堰 Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project
太傅 Grand Tutor
太保 Grand Guard
太师 Grand Preceptor
先秦时期的国君,一般就是King (Duke) + 名字或谥号 + 朝代/国家,比如商纣王King Zhou of Shang,周武王 King Wu of Zhou,齐桓公 Duke Huan of Qi,越王勾践 King Gou Jian of Yue
秦汉
秦朝 Qin dynasty 或者 Chin dynasty
秦始皇 Qin Shi Huang Emperor,First Emperor of Qin 或者 Shi Huang Ti
兵马俑 Terracotta Warriors
焚书坑儒 Burning of Books and Burying of Confucianism Scholars
陈胜吴广起义 Dazexiang Uprising
郡县制 Administrative system with prefectures and counties,有的地方也说成commanderies and districts
灵渠 Ling Canal
阿房宫 Epang Palace
封禅:一般的处理方式是说Fengshan然后解释,比如a type of ceremony held on Mount Tai where the emperor would offer sacrifices to the heavenly king
楚汉战争 Chu-Han Contention
西楚霸王 Prince of Western Chu
汉朝 Han dynasty
匈奴:现在一般都叫Xiongnu了,以前很多人叫他们Huns,但是这个争议比较大,因为这个词原本是指欧洲的匈人的
冒顿单于 Modu Chanyu
军臣单于 Gunchen Chanyu
东胡 Donghu 或者 Eastern Hu
游牧民族 Nomadic people
南蛮 Southern Barbarians
百越 Hundred Yue Tribes 或者 Hundred Viet Tribes
文景之治 Great Reigns of Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing
七国之乱 Rebellion of seven feudatory states
罢黜百家独尊儒术 (to) Promote Confucianism and suppress other schools of thoughts
史记 Record of the Grand Historian 或者就叫 Shiji
二十四史 The 24 Official History Accounts 或者 The 24 Official Histories
丝绸之路 Silk Road
龟兹:现在一般就叫Qiuci,但比较老的文献用的是Kucha,Kutsi或者Kucina,即库车
焉耆 Yanqi,Karachar或者Karasahr
疏勒:常见的就是Shule,或者就用现地名喀什Kashgar来指代
月氏 Yueh-Chi 或者 Ro-Chi
康居 Sogdiana
大宛 Dayuan 或 Tayuan
拔汗那(其实就是费尔干纳) Ferghana
大夏 Bactria
朝鲜半岛汉四郡 Four Commanderies of Han in Korean Peninsula 或者 Four Counties of Han in Korean Peninsula
贵霜 Kushan
安息 Parthia
大秦 Roman Empire
河西走廊 River-west Corridor, River-west Aisle, Hexi Corridor 或者直接 Hexi
玉门关 Yumen Pass 或者 Jade Gate Pass
罪己诏 Edict of Introspection
西域都护府(西汉) Western Region Protectorate
西域长史府(东汉)Western Region Chief Administration Bureau
高句丽 Goguryeo
新朝 Xin dynasty
光武中兴 The Reign of Emperor Guangwu
造纸术 Paper-making technology
黄巾起义 Yellow Turbans Uprising
吕布 Lyu Bu,Lv Bu 或者 Lu Bu
赤壁之战 Battle of Red Cliffs
察举制:这个貌似没见过专门的对应,所以就还是直接说Cha Ju system,然后加以说明,比如nominate (recommend) prospective government officials based on their filial morality and honesty
九品中正制:记得在哪里见过它被叫做Nine-rank system,但是这么说了也等于没说,所以还是按照上面的处理,说拼音Jiu Pin Zhong Zheng system 然后加说明,比如nominate government officials based on their social status in the hierarchy of nine grades
三公九卿 Three Councillors and Nine Ministers/Chamberlains
丞相/宰相 Chancellor
司马 Chancellor of Wars
司徒 Chancellor of Masses
司空 Chancellor of Constructions 或者 Chancellor of Works
太常卿 Minister of Ceremonies
卫尉卿 Minister of Defense 或者 Minister of Guards
光禄卿 Minister of Imperial Household
廷尉(后来的大理寺卿) Minister of Justice
宗正 Minister of Royal Clan
大司农 Minister of Finance
汉朝皇帝的叫法,举两个例子,剩下的都一样:汉高祖 Emperor Gaozu of Han,汉武帝 Emperor Wu of Han
刺史 Cishi, the provincial-level governor
州牧 Zhoumu,the provincial-level governor
太守 Taishou,the prefectural-level governor
县令 Xianling,the county-level governor 或者 county magistrate
中郎 Inner Gentleman
中郎将 Leader of court gentlemen
汉赋 Rhapsody poetry of Han dynasty 或者就叫 Fu Poetry
汉书 Book of Han
后汉书 Book of Later Han
盐铁论 Discourses on Salt and Iron
金缕玉衣 A jade suit with golden wires
九章算术 Nine Chapters of Mathematics
昭君出塞 Wang Zhaojun’s Marriage to Xiongnu
魏晋南北朝
三国 Three Kingdoms
六出祁山 Zhuge Liang’s six northern expeditions/campaigns against Cao Wei
竹林七贤 Seven Sages in the Bamboo Forest
三国志 Records of Three Kingdoms
晋朝 Jin dynasty
八王之乱 The War of Eight Princes
永嘉之变 Disaster of Yongjia
五胡乱华 Five groups of barbarians invaded Northern China
鲜卑 Xianbei 或者 Siber
嚈哒 Hephthalite
罽宾(犍陀罗)Gandhara
十六国 Sixteen Kingdoms 或者 Sixteen States
祖逖北伐 Northern Expeditions of Zu Ti
兰亭集序 Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Poems
书圣(王羲之)Master of Chinese calligraphy
田园诗 Poetry of Chinese Fields and Gardens
山水诗 Poetry of Chinese Landscapes
清谈:貌似没有很好的对应,直接说Qingtan或则Pure Conversation,然后解释,比如a popular type of conversations about Taoist philosophies in Jin dynasty
淝水之战 Battle of Fei River
前秦 Kingdom of Former Qin
晋书 Book of Jin
南北朝 Southern and Northern dynasties
北魏 Northern Wei 或者 Tuoba Wei
东魏 Eastern Wei
西魏 Western Wei
北齐 Northern Qi 或者 Northern Chi
北周 Northern Zhou 或者 Northern Chou
南朝宋 Liu Song dynasty
南朝齐 Southern Qi 或者 Southern Chi
南朝梁 Liang dynasty
南朝陈 Chen dynasty
孝文帝改革 Reform of Emperor Xiaowen
汉化 Sinicization(动词 Sinicize)
鲜卑化 Xianbeilization
云冈石窟 Yungang Grottoes
龙门石窟 Longmen Grottoes
鸠摩罗什 Kumarajiva
达摩 Bodhidharma
禅宗 Zen
净土宗 Pure Land Buddhism 或者 Amidish(但是有争议)
华严宗 Flower Garland School
天台宗 Tiantai School 或者 Tendai School
密宗 Esoteric School
法相宗 Faxiang School,Dharma Characteristic School 或者 East Asian Yogacara
妙法莲华经 Lotus Sutra
柔然:一般就是Rouran,以前有个争议性蛮大的Avar
六镇起义 Riot of Six Military Towns
侯景之乱 Rebellion of Hou Jing
齐民要术 Essential Techniques for People’s Welfare
水经注 Commentary on the Water Classic
世说新语 A New Account of Tales in the World
吐谷浑 Tuyuhun Kingdom
象雄 Zhang-Zhung
敕勒(其实就是铁勒、高车) Tiele
关陇集团 Military clans of Guanzhong and Longshan
士族 Nobel clans 或则 Shizu clans
庶族 Normal clans 或者 Shuzu clans
府兵制 Local Militia system 或者 Fubing system
玉树后庭花 Jade Tree and Backyard Flowers
南史 History of Southern Dynasties
北史 History of Northern Dynasties
魏书 Book of Wei
北齐书 Book of Northern Qi
周书 Book of Zhou
宋书 Book of Song (注意和后面的宋史区分)
齐书 Book of Qi(这是南朝齐的二十四史)
梁书 Book of Liang
陈书 Book of Chen
玉台新咏 New Songs from the Jade Terrace
隋唐
隋朝 Sui dynasty
开皇之治 Great Reign of Kaihuang
科举考试 Imperial Exams
大运河 Grand Canal
三省 Three Departments
六部 Six Ministries 或者 Six Boards
二十四司 Twenty-Four Bureaus
中书省 Department of Imperial Secretariats
门下省 Department of Chancellors
尚书省 Department of Imperial Affairs
吏部 Ministry of Personnel
户部 Ministry of Revenue 或者 Ministry of Household Registration
礼部 Ministry of Rites
兵部 Ministry of National Defense 或者 Ministry of Wars
刑部 Ministry of Justice 或者 Ministry of Punishments
工部 Ministry of Constructions 或者 Ministry of Works
突厥 Turks 或者 Tujue
薛延陀 Xueyantuo 或者 Syr Tardush
土门可汗 Bumin Khan/Qaghan
达头可汗 Tardu Khan
启民可汗 Yami Khan
始毕可汗 Shibi Khan
颉利可汗 Illig Khan
隋朝皇帝:隋文帝 Emperor Wen of Sui,隋炀帝 Emperor Yang of Sui
杨玄感叛乱 Revolt of Yang Xuangan
瓦岗起义 Wagang Uprising
均田制 Equal-field system
新罗 Silla
百济 Baekje
隋书 Book of Sui
唐朝 Tang dynasty
玄武门之变 Xuanwu Gate Incident
贞观之治 Great Reign of Zhenguan
昭陵六骏 Six Steeds of Zhao Tomb/Mausoleum
高昌 Gocho,Qocho,Karahoja(一般特指唐初的麴氏高昌国)或者就是 Gaochang
吐蕃 Tibetan Empire
松赞干布 Songtsen Gampo
布达拉宫 Potala Palace
文成公主 Princess Wencheng
尺尊公主 Bhrikuti
逻些 就叫Lhasa
苯教 Bon
莲花生大师 Padmasambhava
单于都护府 Chanyu Protectorate
安北都护府 An’bei Protectorate 或者 Pacifying North Protectorate
安西都护府 An’xi Protectorate 或者 Pacifying West Protectorate
北庭都护府 Beiting Protectorate 或者 Beshbalik Protectorate
濛池都护府 Mengchi Protectorate
昆凌都护府 Kunling Protectorate
黑水都护府 Heishui Protectorate
安东都护府 An’dong Protectorate 或者 Pacifying East Protectorate
安南都护府 An’nan Protectorate 或者 Pacifying South Protectorate
安西四镇 Four Military Towns/Stations/Garrisons of An’xi Protectorate
熊津都督府 Ungjin Commandery
吐火罗都督府 Tocharian Commandery
条支都督府 Antiochia Commandery
碎叶 Suyab
别失八里 Beshbalik或者Beshbaliq,其实就是庭州Tingzhou
拜火教 Zoroastrianism
厥特勤碑 Orhun Inscriptions
唐初十道:Ten Daos of Early Tang,道有时候也被翻译成Circuit或者Province
长安东市 Eastern Market of Chang’an
长安西市 Western Market of Chang’an
大明宫 Daming Palace
曲江池 Qujiang Pond 或者 Qujiangchi Lake
宵禁 Curfew
京兆尹 Mayor of Capital City
武周 Second Zhou dynasty
武则天 Empress Wu Zetian
无字碑 Blank Monument of Wu Zetian
萨珊波斯 Sassanian Persia
倭马亚 Umayyad Caliphate
阿拔斯(大食) Abbasside Caliphate
怛罗斯之战 Battle of Talas
开元盛世 Great Reign of Kaiyuan
唐朝皇帝举例:唐太宗 Emperor Taizong of Tang,唐肃宗 Emperor Su of Tang。有个特殊的,就是唐玄宗,常见的当然是Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 或者 Emperor Ming of Tang,但是有个很狗血的说法是Illustrious August,真是不知道谁最早翻译的,幸好用的人也不多。
杨贵妃 Lady Yang
荔枝 Lychee
霓裳羽衣曲 The Song of Feathered Clothes with Colors of Rainbow
唐诗 Tang Poetry
李白 Li Bai 或者 Li Bo
诗仙 Master of Poetry,Genius of Poetry 或者 God of Poetry
诗圣 Sage of Poetry
诗佛(王维) Buddha of Poetry
诗鬼(李贺)Phantom of Poetry 或者 Ghost of Poetry
诗骨(陈子昂)Bone of Poetry 或者 Stand of Poetry
诗杰(王勃)The Outstanding Poet
诗奴(孟郊)Slave of Poetry 或者 Prisoner of Poetry
诗魔(白居易)Devil of Poetry 或者 Demon of Poetry
诗豪(刘禹锡)Elite of Poetry 或者 Hero of Poetry
诗狂(贺知章)The Mad Poet
诗瓢(唐求)The Calabash Poet
骈文 Pianwen, a type of rhythmical prose with perfect parallel lines
古文运动 Classic/Ancient Prose Movement
日本遣唐使 Japanese missions to Imperial China 或者 Kento Shi
开元占经 Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
安禄山 An Lushan 或者Ann Rockshen
安史之乱 An Lushan’s Rebellion 或者 An-Shi Rebellion
回纥汗国 Uighur Khanate 或者 Uyghur Khanate
汗庭 Khan’s Court
突骑施 Turgesh
葛逻禄 Karluks
黠戛斯 Kirgis 或者 Kyrghiz
节度使:一般就叫Jiedushi,然后解释一下说是一种Regional military governor,经常会形成Warlord
藩镇:一般就叫Fanzhen,然后解释一下就是各地被Jiedushi来管理(administrate)形成的local militia forces
募兵制:Professional Militia system
折冲府:就是Zhechong Fu,然后解释一下说是募兵制下形成的一种军队division
十二卫军/十六卫军 12/16 divisions of Imperial Guards
盐业专售 Salt Commission
渤海国 Balhea 或者 Pohai
南诏国 Nanzhao
牛李党争 Factional Struggles between Niu and Li Parties
甘露之变 Ganlu Incident 或者 Sweet Dew Incident
唐蕃会盟 Tang-Tibetan Meeting
太监 Eunuch
会昌毁佛 Anti-Buddhism Campaign/Persecution in the Reign of Huichang
朗达玛 Langdarma
归义军 Guiyi Circuit
黄巢起义 Huang Chao(‘s) Uprising
旧唐书 Old Book of Tang
新唐书 New Book of Tang
边塞诗 Poetry of Military Service 或者 Poetry of Frontier Zones
唐会要 Institutional History of Tang
通典 Comprehensive Documents
酉阳杂俎 Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang
大唐西域记 The Grand/Great Tang Record on the Western Region
给事郎 Supervising Secretary
进奏院 Capital Liaison Office
按察使 Surveillance Commissioner
五代宋元
五代十国 Five dynasties and ten kingdoms
沙陀人 Shatuo people
幽云十六州 16 Prefectures of You and Yun
旧五代史 Old History of Five Dynasties
新五代史 New History of Five Dynasties
宋朝 Song dynasty 或者 Sung dynasty
陈桥兵变 Incident of Chenqiao Station 或者 The Mutiny of Chenqiao Station
杯酒释兵权 Dismissing generals from their duties during a banquet
路 Circuit 或者 Lu
府 Prefecture 或者 Fu
契丹 Khitan
辽朝 Liao dynasty
耶律 Yelu 或者 Yelyu
阿保机 Abaoji
睡王(辽穆宗)The sleeping emperor
澶渊之盟 Treaty of Chanyuan
岁币 Annual Tribute
党项 Tangut People
西夏 Western Xia 或者 Xixia
于阗王国 Khotan Kingdom
黑汗 Kara Khanid
西州回鹘 Xizhou Uighurs 或者 Gaochang Uighurs
大理国 Dali Kingdom
西南夷 Southwestern Barbarians
唐宋八大家 Eight Prose Masters of Tang and Song
清明上河图 Along the River During the Qingming Festival
梦溪笔谈 Dream Pool Essays
熙宁改革(王安石变法)Reform of Xining 或者 Wang Anshi’s Reform
宋词 Lyric Poetry 或者就说 Ci
豪放派 Bold faction 或者 Unconstrained faction
婉约派 Restrained faction
词牌:一般直接说Cipai,然后解释,比如the format and genre of a lyric poetry based on the rhythm and tunes
花石纲 The shipping of rare rocks
女真 Jurchen 或者 Nuchen
金朝 Jurchen Jin dynasty 或者 Jinn dynasty,在不发生混淆的情况下可以用Jin dynasty
完颜 Wanyan
猛安 Meng’an, the Jurchen chiliarch
谋克 Mouke, the Jurchen centurion
耶律大石西征 Expedition of Yelyu Dashi
西辽 Qara Khitan,Kara Khitai 或者 Western Liao
虎思斡耳朵(八剌沙衮)Balasagun 或者 Hoosihorde,斡耳朵就是Horde,大帐
卡特万之战 Battle of Qatwan
花剌子模 Khwarazmian kingdom
靖康之变 Incident of Jingkang
岳家军 Yue Fei’s Army或者Yue’s Circuit
绍兴和议 Compromise of Shaoxing
海陵王 Prince of Hailing
交子 Jiaozi, the paper currency
活字印刷术 Typographic Printing Technology
宋明理学 Neo-Confucianism
宋四大书 Four Great Books of Song
太平广记 Extensive Records of the Taiping Era
太平御览 Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era
文苑英华 Finest Blossoms in the Garden of Literature
册府元龟 Archival Palace as the Great Oracle 或者 Models from the Archives
宋朝皇帝举两个例子,宋神宗 Emperor Shenzong of Song,宋高宗 Emperor Gaozong of Song,别的都是这个格式,辽金也一样
宋史 History of Song
金史 History of Jin
辽史 History of Liao
蒙古汗国 Mongol Khanate
蒙古帝国 Mongol Empire
大斡耳朵 Grand Horde
乃蛮部 Naimans
塔塔尔部 Tatars
克烈部 Keraites
蔑儿乞部 Merkit
孛儿只斤 Borjigin
成吉思汗 Genghis Khan
铁木真 Temujin
窝阔台 Ogedei
托雷 Tolui
贵由 Guyuk
蒙哥 Mongke
忽必烈 Kublai
金帐汗国 Golden Horde Khanate
伊尔汗国 Ilkhanate
察合台汗国 Chagatai Khanate
窝阔台汗国 Ogedei Khanate
高丽 Goryeo
元朝 Yuan dynasty
达鲁花赤 Darughachi
色目人 Semu people 或者 Colored-eye people
汉人 Han people in the north
南人 Southerners
行省:全称是行中书省 Branch Secretariats,一般就叫 Province
宣政院 Bureau of Buddhism and Tibetan Affairs
红巾起义 Red Turbans Rebellion
元顺帝 Emperor Shun of Yuan
元曲 Yuan Qu, a type of poetry based on tunes of music 或者 Tune poetry
元史 History of Yuan
授时历 Calendar of Fixing Time 或者 Shoushi Calendar
宋朝时的吐蕃诸部 Era of Fragmentation of Tibet
西藏法王 Prince of Dharma
噶当派 Kadam
噶举派 Kagyu
格鲁派 Gelug
萨迦派 Sakya
宁玛派 Nyingma
觉囊派 Jonang
仲敦巴 Dromton
萨迦班智达 Sakya Pandita
八思巴 Phagpa
元大都 Khanbaliq或者Dadu
上都 Xanadu或者Shangdu
和林 Karakorum
王保保 Koke Temur
孛罗帖木儿 Bolad Temur
明清
明朝 Ming dynasty
明教 Manicheism
胡惟庸案 Hu Weiyong Case
蓝玉案 Lan Yu Case
风闻言事 Impeach with hearsay
大学士 Grand Secretariat
靖难之役 Incident of Jingnan 或者 Jingnan Campaign
燕王(朱棣)Prince of Yan
永乐盛世 Great Reign of Yong’le Emperor
永乐大典 Yong’le Encyclopedia
郑和下西洋 Zheng He’s Voyages
仁宣之治 Great Reigns of Emperor Renzong and Emperor Xuanzong
土木堡之变 Incident of Tumu Fortress 或者 Tumu Fortress Crisis
夺门之变 The Restoration of Emperor Yingzong
大礼仪之争 The Great Controversy of Rites
倭寇 Japanese Pirates
隆庆新政 Reform of Longqing Emperor
张居正改革 Zhang Juzheng’s Reform
俺答封贡 The Investiture of Altan Khan 或者 The Surrender of Tumod Mongols
万历中兴 Reign of Wanli Emperor
万历三大征 Three Great Military Campaigns of Wanli Emperor
明末三大案 Three Cases of the Ming Court
东林党争 Factional Movement of Donglin Society
汉地十八省 China Proper
北元 Northern Yuan
鞑靼 Tatar Mongols
瓦剌(卫拉特)Oriats Mongols
奴儿干都司 Nurgan Military Commission
乌斯藏都司 U-Tsang Military Commission
朵干都司 Do-Kham Military Commission(朵干是安多Amdo和康区Kham的合成)
帕木竹巴 Phagmodrupa
仁蚌巴 Rinpungpa
藏巴汗 Tsangpa
朝贡国 Tributary States
进贡 Pay the tribute
高丽 Goryeo
李氏朝鲜 Joseon
琉球王国 Ryukyu Kingdom
俺答汗 Altan Khan
蒙古左翼和右翼 Left Wing/Right Wing of Mongols
亦力把里(东察合台汗国,可以就叫Chagatai Khanate,但这个音其实就是伊犁)Ili-baliq 或者 Yili
叶尔羌汗国 Yarkand Khanate 或者 Yarkent Khanate
吐鲁番汗国 Turpan Khanate
土默特部 Tumod
哈密国 Kara Del
厂卫 Secret police agency of Ming dynasty
东厂 Eastern Depot 或者 Dongchang secret police agency
西厂 Western Depot 或者 Xichang secret police agency
李自成起义 Li Zicheng Uprising
郑成功 Kosinga 或者 Koxinga(”国姓爷”)
南明 Southern Ming 或者 Regimes of Ming Loyalists in the South
明史 History of Ming
明朝皇帝:一般有两套说法,一种是年号+Emperor,一种是Emperor + 庙号。比如朱元璋可以是Hongwu Emperor,也可以是Emperor Taizu of Ming;朱由检可以是Chongzhen Emperor,也可以是Emperor Sizong of Ming。
宗人府 Imperial Clan Court
清朝 Qing dynasty,Tsing dynasty 或者 Ching dynasty
满族 Manchus
满洲 Manchuria
爱新觉罗 Aisin Gioro
努尔哈赤 Nurhaci
皇太极 Hong Taiji
多铎 Prince Dodo
多尔衮 Dorgon
叶赫那拉 Yehe Nara
山海关 Shanhai Pass
林丹汗 Ligdan Khan
铁帽子王 Iron-Cup Princes
八旗制度: Eight Banners,具体的一般正xx旗是Plain,比如正红旗是Plain Red Banner,镶xx旗是Bordered,比如镶黄旗是Bordered Yellow Banner
内务府 Office of Imperial Household
扬州十日 Ten Days of Desperate in Yangzhou,Yangzhou Massacre 或者 Ten-day Massacre of Yangzhou(其实最常见的是第二种,第一种更好一些,因为massacre这个词比较诡异,比如美国的波士顿惨案、肯特州立大学惨案这种死了个位数人的也叫massacre,门槛貌似是死5个人左右,体现不出像扬州十日这样的大规模屠杀。扬州十日这个级别的事件应该有自己的专用名词,后面的南京大屠杀也同理,有叫Nanjing Massacre,也有叫专门的名字Rape of Nanjing)
三藩之乱 Revolt of Three Feudatories
鳌拜 Oboi
准噶尔汗国 Dzungar Khanate
噶尔丹 Galdan Boshugtu Khan
塔里木盆地 Tarim Basin
塔克拉玛干沙漠 Taklimakan Desert 或者 Taklamagan Desert
和硕特汗国 Khoshut Khanate 或者 Qoshot Khanate
喀尔喀蒙古 Khalkha Mongols
乌里雅苏台 Uliastai
唐努乌梁海 Tannu Uriankhai
宁古塔 Nimguta
康乾盛世 Great Reign of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong Emperors 或者 Great Reign of Three Emperors
四库全书 Complete Book Collection in Four Sections
军机处 Grand Council of State (originally for military emergencies)
军机大臣 Military Chancellor 或者 Shumi(其实就是枢密)
尼布楚条约 Treaty of Nerchinsk
文字狱 Literary Inquisition
汤若望 Johann Adam Schall von Bell
南怀仁 Ferdinand Verbist
大小和卓之乱 Rebellion of Altishahr Khojas
和珅 Niohuru Heshen
避暑山庄 Summer Mountain Resort in Chengde
鸦片战争 Opium War
南京条约 Treaty of Nanjing
割地 Cede
太平天国 Taiping Rebellion
天王(洪秀全)Heavenly King/Prince
捻军 Nian Rebellion
湘军 Xiang Army 或者 Hunan Army
第二次鸦片战争 Second Opium War
北京条约 Treaty of Peking 或者 Convention of Peking
商埠 Treaty ports 或者 Trading ports
租界 Concessions
中法战争 Sino-French War
洋务运动 Self-Strengthening Movement
汉阳兵工厂 Hanyang Arsenal
安庆内军械所 Anqing Imperial Arsenal
江南机器制造总局 Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau
左宗棠:一般就是Zuo Zongtang,但也有见过General Tso的
同治陕甘之变 Dungan Revolt
洪福汗国 Jetti Shahar Khanate
戊戌变法 Wuxu Reform 或者 Hundred-day Reform
北洋水师 Beiyang Fleet
甲午战争 First Sino-Japanese War 或者 War of Jiawu Year
马关条约 Treaty of Shimonoseki
三国干涉还辽 Triple Intervention
义和团 Boxers
八国联军 Eight-Nation Alliance
辛丑条约 Boxer Protocol
东南互保 Mutual Protection of Southeast China
慈禧太后 Empress Dowager Cixi
兴中会 Revive China Society
预备立宪 Constitutionalization Movement
辛亥革命 Xinhai Revolution
孙中山 Sun Yat-Sen
总督:Viceroy of + 地名,比如直隶总督是Viceroy of Zhili,两广总督是Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi,两江总督是Viceroy of Juangsu and Jiangxi
千总 Company commander of 1000 men
把总 Commander of 400 men
清朝皇帝:一般就是年号+Emperor,比如康熙是Kangxi Emperor,光绪是Guangxu Emperor。溥仪一般就叫Puyi比较多。
清史稿 Draft History of Qing
近代
安福系 the Anfu Party
八届二中全会 the second session of the Eighth Party Congress
白区 white area
白色恐怖 White Terror
百花齐放,百家争鸣 blooming and contending
北伐 the Northern Expedition
本地干部 local cadres
布尔什维克主义 Bolshevism
布哈林 Bukharin
长征 the Long March
大军 Great Army
大跃进 the Great Leap Forward(又作the Great Leap)
敌我矛盾 contradictions with the enemy
地方民族主义 local nationalism
地方主义 localism
地主 landlord
第一书记 Number One General Secretary
督军 Tuchun
独立王国 independent kingdom
鄂豫皖根据地 Hubei-Henan-Anhui Base Area
反党分子 anti-Party element
反地方主义运动 anti-localism campaign
反浪费,反保守运动 Movement against Waste and Conservation
反冒进 anti-reckless advance
反右 anti-rightist
芳泽谦吉 M. Yoshizawa
奉天 Mukden
符以德 Frei tas
福建 Fukien
富农 rich peasant
干部地方化 localization of cadres
根据地 base area
工团主义 syndicalism
共产主义化 communization
顾维钧 Wellington Koo
关余 the surplus funds from customs
广东 Canton
广东 Kwangtung
广东省第一届代表大会第二次会议 the Second Meeting of the First Guangdong Provincial Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
贵族院(日本) the House of Peers
国军 National Army
海南地方主义反党集团 the Hainan anti-Party localist group
海南军政委员会 Hainan Military and Political Committee
和风细雨 gentle breeze and mild rain
和平土改 peaceful land reform
红色娘子军 The Red Detachment of Women
呼图克图 Hutuktu
华南局 South China Bureau
华盛顿会议 Washington Conference
坏分子 bad element
基督将军 Christian General
加拉罕 Karakhan
加米涅夫 Lev Kamenev
加藤友三郎 Baron Kato
阶级斗争 class struggle
阶级路线 class line
经济主义 economism
抗日军政大学 Anti-Japanese Military and Political University
兰辛石井协定 Lansing-Ishii pact
旅顺 Arthur
满洲 Manchuria
满洲人 Manchurian
门户开放 open door
民主集中制 democratic centralism
命令主义 commandism
内田康哉 Yasuya Uchida
南京临时约法 Provisional Constitution of Nanking
南洋兄弟烟草公司 Nanyang Brothers
农业合作社 Agricultural Producer's Cooperative
贫农 poor peasant
平反 rehabilitation
琼崖抗日军事政治干部学校 the Hainan Anti-Japanese Military and Political Cadre School
琼崖纵队 Hainan Column
群众路线 mass line
人民内部矛盾 contradictions among the people
日俄战争 Russo-Japanese War
三反运动 Three Antis Campaign
施肇基 Dr.Alfred Sze
舒尔曼 Jacob Gould Schurman
双反运动 Double Anti Campaign
司徒雷登 Dr.J.Leighton Stuart
四川 Szechwan
四野 Fourth Field Army
统一战线 United Front
土地改革 land reform
托洛茨基 Leon Trotsky
外交团 Diplomatic Corps
外来干部 outside cadres
外蒙 Outer Mongolia
文化大革命 the Cultural Revolution
五卅运动 the May 30th Movement
西北局 Northwest Party Bureau
下院 the Lower House
小匈牙利事件 miniature Hungarian incident
辛丑条约 Protocol of 1901
颜惠庆 Dr.W.W.Yen
样板戏 Model Opera
一五计划 First Five Year Plan
右倾保守主义 right conservatism
右倾机会主义者 right opportunist
增产节约运动 production increase and austerity movement
张家口 Kalgan
镇反 suppression of counterrevolutionaries
镇守使 Defense Commissioner at...
整风 rectification
整改 rectification and improvement
政治局 Politburo
政治野心家 political careerist
治病救人 save the patient
中东路 Chinese Eastern Railway
中国佬 Chink(极具侮辱性的词汇)
中华全国基督教协进会 National Christian Council of China
中农 middle peasant
中央苏区 the Central Soviet Base Area
主观主义 subjectivism
自力更生 self-reliance
左倾教条主义 leftist doctrinairism
九一八事变 September 18th Incident
七七事变(卢沟桥事变)July 7th Incident (Lugou Bridge Incident)
淞沪会战 Battle of Shanghai
武汉会战 Battle of Wuhan
百团大战 Hundred-Regiment Campaign
平型关大捷 Battle of Pingxingguan; victory atPingxingguan
台儿庄大捷 Battle of Tai'erzhuang; victory at Tai'erzhuang
持久战 protracted war
游击战 guerrilla warfare
运动战 mobile warfare
地道战 tunnel warfare
地雷战 landmine warfare
细菌战 germ warfare
化学战 chemical warfare
解放区 liberated area
游击区 guerrilla area
敌占区(沦陷区)enemy-occupied area; occupied area
“三光”政策(烧光、杀光、抢光):”Three Alls”policy (kill all, burn all, loot all)
“扫荡” “mopping-up”operation
“蚕食” “gnawing-away”operation
“清乡” “pacification” operation
其它
谥号 Posthumous name (比如汉武帝的武、晋元帝的元)
庙号 Temple name(比如唐太宗的太宗、元世祖的世祖)
年号 Era name 或者 Reign name(比如贞观、嘉靖、康熙)
尊号 Regnal name(比如武则天的则天)
姓 Surname 或者 Family name
氏(先秦)Secondary surname 或者 Clan name (比如孔子姓是子,氏是孔)
名 Given name
字 Courtesy name 或者 Style name
号 Art name
名讳 True name
乳名 Birth name
法号 Dharma name
训名 School name
避讳 Taboo of names
爵位 Nobility rank
太子 Crown Prince
九爵 Nine orders of nobility
亲王 Prince
郡王 Prefecture/Commandery Prince
国公 Duke
郡公 Prefecture/Commandery Duke
县公 County/District Duke
侯爵 Marquis
伯爵 Count
子爵 Viscount
男爵 Baron
世袭的 Hereditary
封建 to enfeoff
皇后 Empress
妃 Consort 或 highly-ranked imperial concubines
品秩 Grade/Rank in the Bureaucracy
正一品 First Rank Officials
从一品 Sub-First Rank Officials
正四品上 Upper Fourth Rank Official
正四品下 Lower Fourth Rank Official
从四品上 Upper Sub-Fourth Rank Official
从四品下 Lower Sub-Fourth Rank Official
另外官品还有一种简记法,比如正一品是1a,从一品是1b,正四品上是4a,正四品下是4a’,从四品上是4b,从四品下是4b’
奉朝请 People who qualified for imperial audiences
千牛卫 Imperial personal guard
千牛备身 Swordsmen in the personal guard
食邑 Feudatory land
官 Bureaucrat
吏 Government staff
四民 Four occupations(士农工商分别是gentry scholars,peasants,craftsmen以及merchants)
军阀的派系 Clique of xxx
凌迟 Death by a thousand cuts 或者就叫 Lingchi 然后解释是一种cruel execution
腰斩 Death by cutting the waist
绞刑 Death by hanging
车裂 Death by dismembering the body
廷杖 Tingzhang, a type of punishment that the guilty official would be spanked by wooden planks
流放 Be banished/exiled to + 地名
追封 Posthumous enfeoffment
钦差大臣 Imperial government inspector
监正 Supervisor of xxx directorate
诏书 Edict
奏章 Memorial to the emperor
俸禄 Salary for imperial officials
中央集权 Centralization of authority
龙袍 Panlong Robe 或者 Chinese Imperial Dragon Robe
衙门 Administrative Office
中书令 Secretariat Director
中书舍人 Secretariat Drafter
中书门下 Secretariat-Chancellery
同中书门下平章事 Joint Manager of Affairs with the Secretariat-Chancellery
中散大夫 Grand Master of Palace Leisure
大理寺 Imperial Court of Justice
鸿卢寺 Office of Foreign Affairs
光禄寺 Office of Imperial Kitchen
著作局 Editorial office
转运使 Transport Commissioner
处置使 Supervisory Commissioner, an official that arranges and disposes of matters
黜陟使 Personnel Evaluation Commissioner, an official that evaluates, promotes or demotes other officials
国子监 Directorate of Education
将作院 Imperial Manufactories Commission
御史台 Censorate
法司 Judicial office
翰林院 Hanlin Academy, an organization in the central court with scholars who did drafting and editing works for the emperor
京兆尹 Metropolitan governor of capital city
教坊司 Imperial office of music
东宫 The House of Crown Prince 或者 The Eastern Palace for Crown Prince
谏议大夫 Supervisory officer
光禄大夫 Grand Master of the Palace 其中金紫光禄大夫在后面加with golden seal and purple ribbon,银青光禄大夫在后面加with silver seal and blue ribbon
假节:一般说Jiajie,然后解释,an official with a special warrant/permission to represent the emperor
主簿 Recorder 或者 assistant magistrate
主书 Assistant drafters
主事 Director/secretary of xxx section in xxx ministry
主司 Examiner 或者 recruiter,相当于古代政府的HR
漕运:一般来说就是Caoyun,然后解释是 ground and water transportation operated/controlled by the government
茶马交易 Tea-Horse Trade
羁縻制度 Jimi system (A special type of administrative system enforced by Tang and Song dynasties in remote areas where hereditary tribal rulers receive duties from the central court while keeping the high degree of autonomy),和后来明朝的土司制度相似 Tusi system (土司本人有时翻译成Chieftains或者Local headmen)
进士 Nominees who passed the highest-level Imperial Examinations (court exams 殿试),有地方直接说是Jnshi(复数Jinshies)并解释是Imperial examination graduates,其中进士及第是distinguished jinshies,进士出身是xxx with jinshi background,同进士出身是along with jinshi background
贡士 Nominees who passed the national-level Imperial Examinations
举人 Recommendees/nominees who passed the local-level (provincial-level) Imperial Examinations
秀才/生员 Scholars/Educated people (qualified for local-level Imperial Examinations)
童生 Scholars haven’t qualified for the local-level Imperial Examinations
冈仁波齐 Mount Kailash
葱岭 Pamir Plateau
兴都库什山 Hindukush Mountains
燕然山 Khangai Mountains
华阳国志 Chronicles of Huayang
三字经 Three Character Classic
百家姓 Hundred Family Surnames
千字文 Thousand Character Classic
对于以上历史词汇翻译,如果你有更加权威的译法,或者有任何建议,欢迎留言区和我们分享。