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干货帖!中国历史常用术语中英对照一览表(先秦至近代)

2018-12-13 13:18:31 928浏览

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各位许久不见~天堂君回来啦!

最近刷知乎时,偶然看到这样一个问题:

有时候想和外国朋友交流一下历史,介绍一下古代中国,或者反驳一下不友好外国人故意扭曲的中国历史,但发现很多词不会说。不是英语不好,而是不知道名词怎么对应的,比如分封制、宗法制、察举制、科举考试、三省六部,还有一些重要的事件和地名,例如西域都护府、高车、龟兹、五胡乱华等等,有时候查查电子字典,翻译也是五花八门的。哪里可以找到最正规的翻译呀?

这个问题很有意思,也很有远见。其中有一个答案按照时间顺序,列举了有关中国古代历史的词汇,分享在这里。为了更加全面,天堂君补充了近代的历史词汇,希望各位译友看到本篇文章后查漏补缺,一起完善。

先秦

旧石器时代 Paleolithic 或者 Old Stone Age

新石器时代 Neolithic 或者 New Stone Age

部落联盟 Tribal Union

传说时代 Mythical history

三皇五帝 Three Sovereigns and Five Legends 或者统称为 Legendary Ancient Sages

黄帝 Huang Di,Huang Ti 或者 Yellow Emperor

炎帝 Yan Di,Yan Ti,Yan Emperor 或者 Flame Emperor

华夏部 Huaxia Tribal Union

九黎部 Jiuli Tribal Union 或者 Tribal Union of Nine Lis

三代 Great Reigns of Three Generations

尧天舜日 Great Reigns of Yao and Shun

禅让制 Abdicating and passing down the throne

大禹 Yu, the Great

夏朝 Xia dynasty 或者 Hsia dynasty

商朝 Shang dynasty

信史 Faithful history

殷墟 Ruins of Yin, Relic of Yin 或者直接Yin Xu

甲骨文 Scripts on Oracle Bones

青铜年代 Bronze Age

周朝 Zhou dynasty 或者 Chou dynasty

西周 Western Zhou

天命 Mandate of Heaven

天子 Son of the Heavenly King

周公旦 Duke of Zhou

分封制:这个说法太多了,比较靠谱的是Feudalism system 或者 Enfeoffment system。有的文章用的Tributary system,个人觉得不靠谱,那是藩属国而不是诸侯国。

分封的诸侯国:这个说法也很多,常见的有Principality,Feudatory state 以及 Vassal state,比较喜欢第一个,因为后两种貌似指的是欧洲那种诸侯国或者附庸国;到了战国就可以直接说State了,比如秦国就是State Qin,魏国是State Wei,卫国是State Wey

诸侯本人:Feudal lords

宗法制:其实就是以血缘为准的嫡长子继承其余分封的制度,有人用Patriarchy这个词,但是这个词只强调了父系血统,却没有强调继承。比较喜欢的处理方法是直接说Zongfa system,然后再用一两句话解释,比如the wife’s eldest son will inherit the lineage of the clan, while younger sons of the wife and sons of concubines will not be regarded as rightful successors of the clan. The eldest son will also inherit the noble title of his father and majority share of the heritage.

礼乐制度 Rites and Music Principals

周礼 Rituals of Zhou

成康之治 Great Reigns of King Cheng and King Kang

昭王伐楚 Campaign against Chu during King Zhao’s Reign

穆天子之旅 Journey of King Mu

穆天子传 Tale of King Mu

国人暴动 Riot of people in the capital city

烽火戏诸侯 War Signal Drama 或者 Fake War Signals

东周 Eastern Zhou

春秋 Spring and Autumn Period

战国 Warring States Period

春秋五霸 Five Hegemons

吴越争霸 Contention of Wu and Yue 或者 Rivalry between Wu and Yue

战国七雄:貌似没有专门的说法,一般就是Seven Warring States

百家争鸣 Hundred Schools of Thoughts

儒家 Confucianism

孔子 Confucius 或 School of Ru(不常用)

孟子 Mencius

荀子 Xuncius

道家 Taoism 或 Daoism

老子 Lao Tzu 或 Laozi

庄子 Chuang Tzu或Zhuangzi

无为 Wu-wei,解释为Action of actionless

墨家 Mohism

法家 Legalism

名家 Logicianism 或者 School of Names

阴阳家 Naturalism,School of Naturalists 或者 School of Yin and Yang

纵横家 School of Diplomacy

小说家 School of Minor Talks

杂家 Syncretism

农家 Agriculturalism

医家 School of Medicine

兵家 School of Military

孙子兵法 The Art of War 或者 Art of Wars

孙子 Sun Tzu

四书五经 Four Books and Five Classics

论语 Analects of Confucius 或者直接 Lun Yu

大学 Great Learning

中庸 Doctrine of the Mean 或者直接 Zhongyong

诗经 Classic of Poetry 或者 Classic of Songs

书经 Book of Documents

礼记 Book of Rites 或者 Classic of Rites

易经 Book of Changes 或者 I-Ching

春秋 Annals of Spring and Autumn

六韬 Six Secret Teachings

商君书 The Book of Lord Shang

管子 Guanzi

韩非子 Han Feizi

法经 Canon of Laws

尸子 Shizi

列子 Liezi

竹书纪年 Bamboo Annals

战国四公子 Four Lords of Warring States

食客 Retainer

商鞅变法 Reform of Shang Yang in State Qin

胡服骑射 Riding and shooting in nomadic dress

井田制 Hashtag-shaped-field system 或者 Well-field system,但显然前一个对外国人来说更直白

都江堰 Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project

太傅 Grand Tutor

太保 Grand Guard

太师 Grand Preceptor

先秦时期的国君,一般就是King (Duke) + 名字或谥号 + 朝代/国家,比如商纣王King Zhou of Shang,周武王 King Wu of Zhou,齐桓公 Duke Huan of Qi,越王勾践 King Gou Jian of Yue

秦汉

秦朝 Qin dynasty 或者 Chin dynasty

秦始皇 Qin Shi Huang Emperor,First Emperor of Qin 或者 Shi Huang Ti

兵马俑 Terracotta Warriors

焚书坑儒 Burning of Books and Burying of Confucianism Scholars

陈胜吴广起义 Dazexiang Uprising

郡县制 Administrative system with prefectures and counties,有的地方也说成commanderies and districts

灵渠 Ling Canal

阿房宫 Epang Palace

封禅:一般的处理方式是说Fengshan然后解释,比如a type of ceremony held on Mount Tai where the emperor would offer sacrifices to the heavenly king

楚汉战争 Chu-Han Contention

西楚霸王 Prince of Western Chu

汉朝 Han dynasty

匈奴:现在一般都叫Xiongnu了,以前很多人叫他们Huns,但是这个争议比较大,因为这个词原本是指欧洲的匈人的

冒顿单于 Modu Chanyu

军臣单于 Gunchen Chanyu

东胡 Donghu 或者 Eastern Hu

游牧民族 Nomadic people

南蛮 Southern Barbarians

百越 Hundred Yue Tribes 或者 Hundred Viet Tribes

文景之治 Great Reigns of Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing

七国之乱 Rebellion of seven feudatory states

罢黜百家独尊儒术 (to) Promote Confucianism and suppress other schools of thoughts

史记 Record of the Grand Historian 或者就叫 Shiji

二十四史 The 24 Official History Accounts 或者 The 24 Official Histories

丝绸之路 Silk Road

龟兹:现在一般就叫Qiuci,但比较老的文献用的是Kucha,Kutsi或者Kucina,即库车

焉耆 Yanqi,Karachar或者Karasahr

疏勒:常见的就是Shule,或者就用现地名喀什Kashgar来指代

月氏 Yueh-Chi 或者 Ro-Chi

康居 Sogdiana

大宛 Dayuan 或 Tayuan

拔汗那(其实就是费尔干纳) Ferghana

大夏 Bactria

朝鲜半岛汉四郡 Four Commanderies of Han in Korean Peninsula 或者 Four Counties of Han in Korean Peninsula

贵霜 Kushan

安息 Parthia

大秦 Roman Empire

河西走廊 River-west Corridor, River-west Aisle, Hexi Corridor 或者直接 Hexi

玉门关 Yumen Pass 或者 Jade Gate Pass

罪己诏 Edict of Introspection

西域都护府(西汉) Western Region Protectorate

西域长史府(东汉)Western Region Chief Administration Bureau

高句丽 Goguryeo

新朝 Xin dynasty

光武中兴 The Reign of Emperor Guangwu

造纸术 Paper-making technology

黄巾起义 Yellow Turbans Uprising

吕布 Lyu Bu,Lv Bu 或者 Lu Bu

赤壁之战 Battle of Red Cliffs

察举制:这个貌似没见过专门的对应,所以就还是直接说Cha Ju system,然后加以说明,比如nominate (recommend) prospective government officials based on their filial morality and honesty

九品中正制:记得在哪里见过它被叫做Nine-rank system,但是这么说了也等于没说,所以还是按照上面的处理,说拼音Jiu Pin Zhong Zheng system 然后加说明,比如nominate government officials based on their social status in the hierarchy of nine grades

三公九卿 Three Councillors and Nine Ministers/Chamberlains

丞相/宰相 Chancellor

司马 Chancellor of Wars

司徒 Chancellor of Masses

司空 Chancellor of Constructions 或者 Chancellor of Works

太常卿 Minister of Ceremonies

卫尉卿 Minister of Defense 或者 Minister of Guards

光禄卿 Minister of Imperial Household

廷尉(后来的大理寺卿) Minister of Justice

宗正 Minister of Royal Clan

大司农 Minister of Finance

汉朝皇帝的叫法,举两个例子,剩下的都一样:汉高祖 Emperor Gaozu of Han,汉武帝 Emperor Wu of Han

刺史 Cishi, the provincial-level governor

州牧 Zhoumu,the provincial-level governor

太守 Taishou,the prefectural-level governor

县令 Xianling,the county-level governor 或者 county magistrate

中郎 Inner Gentleman

中郎将 Leader of court gentlemen

汉赋 Rhapsody poetry of Han dynasty 或者就叫 Fu Poetry

汉书 Book of Han

后汉书 Book of Later Han

盐铁论 Discourses on Salt and Iron

金缕玉衣 A jade suit with golden wires

九章算术 Nine Chapters of Mathematics

昭君出塞 Wang Zhaojun’s Marriage to Xiongnu

魏晋南北朝

三国 Three Kingdoms

六出祁山 Zhuge Liang’s six northern expeditions/campaigns against Cao Wei

竹林七贤 Seven Sages in the Bamboo Forest

三国志 Records of Three Kingdoms

晋朝 Jin dynasty

八王之乱 The War of Eight Princes

永嘉之变 Disaster of Yongjia

五胡乱华 Five groups of barbarians invaded Northern China

鲜卑 Xianbei 或者 Siber

嚈哒 Hephthalite

罽宾(犍陀罗)Gandhara

十六国 Sixteen Kingdoms 或者 Sixteen States

祖逖北伐 Northern Expeditions of Zu Ti

兰亭集序 Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Poems

书圣(王羲之)Master of Chinese calligraphy

田园诗 Poetry of Chinese Fields and Gardens

山水诗 Poetry of Chinese Landscapes

清谈:貌似没有很好的对应,直接说Qingtan或则Pure Conversation,然后解释,比如a popular type of conversations about Taoist philosophies in Jin dynasty

淝水之战 Battle of Fei River

前秦 Kingdom of Former Qin

晋书 Book of Jin

南北朝 Southern and Northern dynasties

北魏 Northern Wei 或者 Tuoba Wei

东魏 Eastern Wei

西魏 Western Wei

北齐 Northern Qi 或者 Northern Chi

北周 Northern Zhou 或者 Northern Chou

南朝宋 Liu Song dynasty

南朝齐 Southern Qi 或者 Southern Chi

南朝梁 Liang dynasty

南朝陈 Chen dynasty

孝文帝改革 Reform of Emperor Xiaowen

汉化 Sinicization(动词 Sinicize)

鲜卑化 Xianbeilization

云冈石窟 Yungang Grottoes

龙门石窟 Longmen Grottoes

鸠摩罗什 Kumarajiva

达摩 Bodhidharma

禅宗 Zen

净土宗 Pure Land Buddhism 或者 Amidish(但是有争议)

华严宗 Flower Garland School

天台宗 Tiantai School 或者 Tendai School

密宗 Esoteric School

法相宗 Faxiang School,Dharma Characteristic School 或者 East Asian Yogacara

妙法莲华经 Lotus Sutra

柔然:一般就是Rouran,以前有个争议性蛮大的Avar

六镇起义 Riot of Six Military Towns

侯景之乱 Rebellion of Hou Jing

齐民要术 Essential Techniques for People’s Welfare

水经注 Commentary on the Water Classic

世说新语 A New Account of Tales in the World

吐谷浑 Tuyuhun Kingdom

象雄 Zhang-Zhung

敕勒(其实就是铁勒、高车) Tiele

关陇集团 Military clans of Guanzhong and Longshan

士族 Nobel clans 或则 Shizu clans

庶族 Normal clans 或者 Shuzu clans

府兵制 Local Militia system 或者 Fubing system

玉树后庭花 Jade Tree and Backyard Flowers

南史 History of Southern Dynasties

北史 History of Northern Dynasties

魏书 Book of Wei

北齐书 Book of Northern Qi

周书 Book of Zhou

宋书 Book of Song (注意和后面的宋史区分)

齐书 Book of Qi(这是南朝齐的二十四史)

梁书 Book of Liang

陈书 Book of Chen

玉台新咏 New Songs from the Jade Terrace

隋唐

隋朝 Sui dynasty

开皇之治 Great Reign of Kaihuang

科举考试 Imperial Exams

大运河 Grand Canal

三省 Three Departments

六部 Six Ministries 或者 Six Boards

二十四司 Twenty-Four Bureaus

中书省 Department of Imperial Secretariats

门下省 Department of Chancellors

尚书省 Department of Imperial Affairs

吏部 Ministry of Personnel

户部 Ministry of Revenue 或者 Ministry of Household Registration

礼部 Ministry of Rites

兵部 Ministry of National Defense 或者 Ministry of Wars

刑部 Ministry of Justice 或者 Ministry of Punishments

工部 Ministry of Constructions 或者 Ministry of Works

突厥 Turks 或者 Tujue

薛延陀 Xueyantuo 或者 Syr Tardush

土门可汗 Bumin Khan/Qaghan

达头可汗 Tardu Khan

启民可汗 Yami Khan

始毕可汗 Shibi Khan

颉利可汗 Illig Khan

隋朝皇帝:隋文帝 Emperor Wen of Sui,隋炀帝 Emperor Yang of Sui

杨玄感叛乱 Revolt of Yang Xuangan

瓦岗起义 Wagang Uprising

均田制 Equal-field system

新罗 Silla

百济 Baekje

隋书 Book of Sui

唐朝 Tang dynasty

玄武门之变 Xuanwu Gate Incident

贞观之治 Great Reign of Zhenguan

昭陵六骏 Six Steeds of Zhao Tomb/Mausoleum

高昌 Gocho,Qocho,Karahoja(一般特指唐初的麴氏高昌国)或者就是 Gaochang

吐蕃 Tibetan Empire

松赞干布 Songtsen Gampo

布达拉宫 Potala Palace

文成公主 Princess Wencheng

尺尊公主 Bhrikuti

逻些 就叫Lhasa

苯教 Bon

莲花生大师 Padmasambhava

单于都护府 Chanyu Protectorate

安北都护府 An’bei Protectorate 或者 Pacifying North Protectorate

安西都护府 An’xi Protectorate 或者 Pacifying West Protectorate

北庭都护府 Beiting Protectorate 或者 Beshbalik Protectorate

濛池都护府 Mengchi Protectorate

昆凌都护府 Kunling Protectorate

黑水都护府 Heishui Protectorate

安东都护府 An’dong Protectorate 或者 Pacifying East Protectorate

安南都护府 An’nan Protectorate 或者 Pacifying South Protectorate

安西四镇 Four Military Towns/Stations/Garrisons of An’xi Protectorate

熊津都督府 Ungjin Commandery

吐火罗都督府 Tocharian Commandery

条支都督府 Antiochia Commandery

碎叶 Suyab

别失八里 Beshbalik或者Beshbaliq,其实就是庭州Tingzhou

拜火教 Zoroastrianism

厥特勤碑 Orhun Inscriptions

唐初十道:Ten Daos of Early Tang,道有时候也被翻译成Circuit或者Province

长安东市 Eastern Market of Chang’an

长安西市 Western Market of Chang’an

大明宫 Daming Palace

曲江池 Qujiang Pond 或者 Qujiangchi Lake

宵禁 Curfew

京兆尹 Mayor of Capital City

武周 Second Zhou dynasty

武则天 Empress Wu Zetian

无字碑 Blank Monument of Wu Zetian

萨珊波斯 Sassanian Persia

倭马亚 Umayyad Caliphate

阿拔斯(大食) Abbasside Caliphate

怛罗斯之战 Battle of Talas

开元盛世 Great Reign of Kaiyuan

唐朝皇帝举例:唐太宗 Emperor Taizong of Tang,唐肃宗 Emperor Su of Tang。有个特殊的,就是唐玄宗,常见的当然是Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 或者 Emperor Ming of Tang,但是有个很狗血的说法是Illustrious August,真是不知道谁最早翻译的,幸好用的人也不多。

杨贵妃 Lady Yang

荔枝 Lychee

霓裳羽衣曲 The Song of Feathered Clothes with Colors of Rainbow

唐诗 Tang Poetry

李白 Li Bai 或者 Li Bo

诗仙 Master of Poetry,Genius of Poetry 或者 God of Poetry

诗圣 Sage of Poetry

诗佛(王维) Buddha of Poetry

诗鬼(李贺)Phantom of Poetry 或者 Ghost of Poetry

诗骨(陈子昂)Bone of Poetry 或者 Stand of Poetry

诗杰(王勃)The Outstanding Poet

诗奴(孟郊)Slave of Poetry 或者 Prisoner of Poetry

诗魔(白居易)Devil of Poetry 或者 Demon of Poetry

诗豪(刘禹锡)Elite of Poetry 或者 Hero of Poetry

诗狂(贺知章)The Mad Poet

诗瓢(唐求)The Calabash Poet

骈文 Pianwen, a type of rhythmical prose with perfect parallel lines

古文运动 Classic/Ancient Prose Movement

日本遣唐使 Japanese missions to Imperial China 或者 Kento Shi

开元占经 Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era

安禄山 An Lushan 或者Ann Rockshen

安史之乱 An Lushan’s Rebellion 或者 An-Shi Rebellion

回纥汗国 Uighur Khanate 或者 Uyghur Khanate

汗庭 Khan’s Court

突骑施 Turgesh

葛逻禄 Karluks

黠戛斯 Kirgis 或者 Kyrghiz

节度使:一般就叫Jiedushi,然后解释一下说是一种Regional military governor,经常会形成Warlord

藩镇:一般就叫Fanzhen,然后解释一下就是各地被Jiedushi来管理(administrate)形成的local militia forces

募兵制:Professional Militia system

折冲府:就是Zhechong Fu,然后解释一下说是募兵制下形成的一种军队division

十二卫军/十六卫军 12/16 divisions of Imperial Guards

盐业专售 Salt Commission

渤海国 Balhea 或者 Pohai

南诏国 Nanzhao

牛李党争 Factional Struggles between Niu and Li Parties

甘露之变 Ganlu Incident 或者 Sweet Dew Incident

唐蕃会盟 Tang-Tibetan Meeting

太监 Eunuch

会昌毁佛 Anti-Buddhism Campaign/Persecution in the Reign of Huichang

朗达玛 Langdarma

归义军 Guiyi Circuit

黄巢起义 Huang Chao(‘s) Uprising

旧唐书 Old Book of Tang

新唐书 New Book of Tang

边塞诗 Poetry of Military Service 或者 Poetry of Frontier Zones

唐会要 Institutional History of Tang

通典 Comprehensive Documents

酉阳杂俎 Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang

大唐西域记 The Grand/Great Tang Record on the Western Region

给事郎 Supervising Secretary

进奏院 Capital Liaison Office

按察使 Surveillance Commissioner

五代宋元

五代十国 Five dynasties and ten kingdoms

沙陀人 Shatuo people

幽云十六州 16 Prefectures of You and Yun

旧五代史 Old History of Five Dynasties

新五代史 New History of Five Dynasties

宋朝 Song dynasty 或者 Sung dynasty

陈桥兵变 Incident of Chenqiao Station 或者 The Mutiny of Chenqiao Station

杯酒释兵权 Dismissing generals from their duties during a banquet

Circuit 或者 Lu

Prefecture 或者 Fu

契丹 Khitan

辽朝 Liao dynasty

耶律 Yelu 或者 Yelyu

阿保机 Abaoji

睡王(辽穆宗)The sleeping emperor

澶渊之盟 Treaty of Chanyuan

岁币 Annual Tribute

党项 Tangut People

西夏 Western Xia 或者 Xixia

于阗王国 Khotan Kingdom

黑汗 Kara Khanid

西州回鹘 Xizhou Uighurs 或者 Gaochang Uighurs

大理国 Dali Kingdom

西南夷 Southwestern Barbarians

唐宋八大家 Eight Prose Masters of Tang and Song

清明上河图 Along the River During the Qingming Festival

梦溪笔谈 Dream Pool Essays

熙宁改革(王安石变法)Reform of Xining 或者 Wang Anshi’s Reform

宋词 Lyric Poetry 或者就说 Ci

豪放派 Bold faction 或者 Unconstrained faction

婉约派 Restrained faction

词牌:一般直接说Cipai,然后解释,比如the format and genre of a lyric poetry based on the rhythm and tunes

花石纲 The shipping of rare rocks

女真 Jurchen 或者 Nuchen

金朝 Jurchen Jin dynasty 或者 Jinn dynasty,在不发生混淆的情况下可以用Jin dynasty

完颜 Wanyan

猛安 Meng’an, the Jurchen chiliarch

谋克 Mouke, the Jurchen centurion

耶律大石西征 Expedition of Yelyu Dashi

西辽 Qara Khitan,Kara Khitai 或者 Western Liao

虎思斡耳朵(八剌沙衮)Balasagun 或者 Hoosihorde,斡耳朵就是Horde,大帐

卡特万之战 Battle of Qatwan

花剌子模 Khwarazmian kingdom

靖康之变 Incident of Jingkang

岳家军 Yue Fei’s Army或者Yue’s Circuit

绍兴和议 Compromise of Shaoxing

海陵王 Prince of Hailing

交子 Jiaozi, the paper currency

活字印刷术 Typographic Printing Technology

宋明理学 Neo-Confucianism

宋四大书 Four Great Books of Song

太平广记 Extensive Records of the Taiping Era

太平御览 Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era

文苑英华 Finest Blossoms in the Garden of Literature

册府元龟 Archival Palace as the Great Oracle 或者 Models from the Archives

宋朝皇帝举两个例子,宋神宗 Emperor Shenzong of Song,宋高宗 Emperor Gaozong of Song,别的都是这个格式,辽金也一样

宋史 History of Song

金史 History of Jin

辽史 History of Liao

蒙古汗国 Mongol Khanate

蒙古帝国 Mongol Empire

大斡耳朵 Grand Horde

乃蛮部 Naimans

塔塔尔部 Tatars

克烈部 Keraites

蔑儿乞部 Merkit

孛儿只斤 Borjigin

成吉思汗 Genghis Khan

铁木真 Temujin

窝阔台 Ogedei

托雷 Tolui

贵由 Guyuk

蒙哥 Mongke

忽必烈 Kublai

金帐汗国 Golden Horde Khanate

伊尔汗国 Ilkhanate

察合台汗国 Chagatai Khanate

窝阔台汗国 Ogedei Khanate

高丽 Goryeo

元朝 Yuan dynasty

达鲁花赤 Darughachi

色目人 Semu people 或者 Colored-eye people

汉人 Han people in the north

南人 Southerners

行省:全称是行中书省 Branch Secretariats,一般就叫 Province

宣政院 Bureau of Buddhism and Tibetan Affairs

红巾起义 Red Turbans Rebellion

元顺帝 Emperor Shun of Yuan

元曲 Yuan Qu, a type of poetry based on tunes of music 或者 Tune poetry

元史 History of Yuan

授时历 Calendar of Fixing Time 或者 Shoushi Calendar

宋朝时的吐蕃诸部 Era of Fragmentation of Tibet

西藏法王 Prince of Dharma

噶当派 Kadam

噶举派 Kagyu

格鲁派 Gelug

萨迦派 Sakya

宁玛派 Nyingma

觉囊派 Jonang

仲敦巴 Dromton

萨迦班智达 Sakya Pandita

八思巴 Phagpa

元大都 Khanbaliq或者Dadu

上都 Xanadu或者Shangdu

和林 Karakorum

王保保 Koke Temur

孛罗帖木儿 Bolad Temur

明清

明朝 Ming dynasty

明教 Manicheism

胡惟庸案 Hu Weiyong Case

蓝玉案 Lan Yu Case

风闻言事 Impeach with hearsay

大学士 Grand Secretariat

靖难之役 Incident of Jingnan 或者 Jingnan Campaign

燕王(朱棣)Prince of Yan

永乐盛世 Great Reign of Yong’le Emperor

永乐大典 Yong’le Encyclopedia

郑和下西洋 Zheng He’s Voyages

仁宣之治 Great Reigns of Emperor Renzong and Emperor Xuanzong

土木堡之变 Incident of Tumu Fortress 或者 Tumu Fortress Crisis

夺门之变 The Restoration of Emperor Yingzong

大礼仪之争 The Great Controversy of Rites

倭寇 Japanese Pirates

隆庆新政 Reform of Longqing Emperor

张居正改革 Zhang Juzheng’s Reform

俺答封贡 The Investiture of Altan Khan 或者 The Surrender of Tumod Mongols

万历中兴 Reign of Wanli Emperor

万历三大征 Three Great Military Campaigns of Wanli Emperor

明末三大案 Three Cases of the Ming Court

东林党争 Factional Movement of Donglin Society

汉地十八省 China Proper

北元 Northern Yuan

鞑靼 Tatar Mongols

瓦剌(卫拉特)Oriats Mongols

奴儿干都司 Nurgan Military Commission

乌斯藏都司 U-Tsang Military Commission

朵干都司 Do-Kham Military Commission(朵干是安多Amdo和康区Kham的合成)

帕木竹巴 Phagmodrupa

仁蚌巴 Rinpungpa

藏巴汗 Tsangpa

朝贡国 Tributary States

进贡 Pay the tribute

高丽 Goryeo

李氏朝鲜 Joseon

琉球王国 Ryukyu Kingdom

俺答汗 Altan Khan

蒙古左翼和右翼 Left Wing/Right Wing of Mongols

亦力把里(东察合台汗国,可以就叫Chagatai Khanate,但这个音其实就是伊犁)Ili-baliq 或者 Yili

叶尔羌汗国 Yarkand Khanate 或者 Yarkent Khanate

吐鲁番汗国 Turpan Khanate

土默特部 Tumod

哈密国 Kara Del

厂卫 Secret police agency of Ming dynasty

东厂 Eastern Depot 或者 Dongchang secret police agency

西厂 Western Depot 或者 Xichang secret police agency

李自成起义 Li Zicheng Uprising

郑成功 Kosinga 或者 Koxinga(”国姓爷”)

南明 Southern Ming 或者 Regimes of Ming Loyalists in the South

明史 History of Ming

明朝皇帝:一般有两套说法,一种是年号+Emperor,一种是Emperor + 庙号。比如朱元璋可以是Hongwu Emperor,也可以是Emperor Taizu of Ming;朱由检可以是Chongzhen Emperor,也可以是Emperor Sizong of Ming。

宗人府 Imperial Clan Court

清朝 Qing dynasty,Tsing dynasty 或者 Ching dynasty

满族 Manchus

满洲 Manchuria

爱新觉罗 Aisin Gioro

努尔哈赤 Nurhaci

皇太极 Hong Taiji

多铎 Prince Dodo

多尔衮 Dorgon

叶赫那拉 Yehe Nara

山海关 Shanhai Pass

林丹汗 Ligdan Khan

铁帽子王 Iron-Cup Princes

八旗制度: Eight Banners,具体的一般正xx旗是Plain,比如正红旗是Plain Red Banner,镶xx旗是Bordered,比如镶黄旗是Bordered Yellow Banner

内务府 Office of Imperial Household

扬州十日 Ten Days of Desperate in Yangzhou,Yangzhou Massacre 或者 Ten-day Massacre of Yangzhou(其实最常见的是第二种,第一种更好一些,因为massacre这个词比较诡异,比如美国的波士顿惨案、肯特州立大学惨案这种死了个位数人的也叫massacre,门槛貌似是死5个人左右,体现不出像扬州十日这样的大规模屠杀。扬州十日这个级别的事件应该有自己的专用名词,后面的南京大屠杀也同理,有叫Nanjing Massacre,也有叫专门的名字Rape of Nanjing)

三藩之乱 Revolt of Three Feudatories

鳌拜 Oboi

准噶尔汗国 Dzungar Khanate

噶尔丹 Galdan Boshugtu Khan

塔里木盆地 Tarim Basin

塔克拉玛干沙漠 Taklimakan Desert 或者 Taklamagan Desert

和硕特汗国 Khoshut Khanate 或者 Qoshot Khanate

喀尔喀蒙古 Khalkha Mongols

乌里雅苏台 Uliastai

唐努乌梁海 Tannu Uriankhai

宁古塔 Nimguta

康乾盛世 Great Reign of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong Emperors 或者 Great Reign of Three Emperors

四库全书 Complete Book Collection in Four Sections

军机处 Grand Council of State (originally for military emergencies)

军机大臣 Military Chancellor 或者 Shumi(其实就是枢密)

尼布楚条约 Treaty of Nerchinsk

文字狱 Literary Inquisition

汤若望 Johann Adam Schall von Bell

南怀仁 Ferdinand Verbist

大小和卓之乱 Rebellion of Altishahr Khojas

和珅 Niohuru Heshen

避暑山庄 Summer Mountain Resort in Chengde

鸦片战争 Opium War

南京条约 Treaty of Nanjing

割地 Cede

太平天国 Taiping Rebellion

天王(洪秀全)Heavenly King/Prince

捻军 Nian Rebellion

湘军 Xiang Army 或者 Hunan Army

第二次鸦片战争 Second Opium War

北京条约 Treaty of Peking 或者 Convention of Peking

商埠 Treaty ports 或者 Trading ports

租界 Concessions

中法战争 Sino-French War

洋务运动 Self-Strengthening Movement

汉阳兵工厂 Hanyang Arsenal

安庆内军械所 Anqing Imperial Arsenal

江南机器制造总局 Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau

左宗棠:一般就是Zuo Zongtang,但也有见过General Tso的

同治陕甘之变 Dungan Revolt

洪福汗国 Jetti Shahar Khanate

戊戌变法 Wuxu Reform 或者 Hundred-day Reform

北洋水师 Beiyang Fleet

甲午战争 First Sino-Japanese War 或者 War of Jiawu Year

马关条约 Treaty of Shimonoseki

三国干涉还辽 Triple Intervention

义和团 Boxers

八国联军 Eight-Nation Alliance

辛丑条约 Boxer Protocol

东南互保 Mutual Protection of Southeast China

慈禧太后 Empress Dowager Cixi

兴中会 Revive China Society

预备立宪 Constitutionalization Movement

辛亥革命 Xinhai Revolution

孙中山 Sun Yat-Sen

总督:Viceroy of + 地名,比如直隶总督是Viceroy of Zhili,两广总督是Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi,两江总督是Viceroy of Juangsu and Jiangxi

千总 Company commander of 1000 men

把总 Commander of 400 men

清朝皇帝:一般就是年号+Emperor,比如康熙是Kangxi Emperor,光绪是Guangxu Emperor。溥仪一般就叫Puyi比较多。

清史稿 Draft History of Qing

近代

安福系 the Anfu Party 

八届二中全会 the second session of the Eighth Party Congress

白区 white area

白色恐怖 White Terror

百花齐放,百家争鸣 blooming and contending

北伐 the Northern Expedition

本地干部 local cadres

布尔什维克主义 Bolshevism 

布哈林 Bukharin

长征 the Long March

大军 Great Army

大跃进 the Great Leap Forward(又作the Great Leap) 

敌我矛盾 contradictions with the enemy

地方民族主义 local nationalism

地方主义 localism

地主 landlord

第一书记 Number One General Secretary

督军 Tuchun

独立王国 independent kingdom

鄂豫皖根据地 Hubei-Henan-Anhui Base Area

反党分子 anti-Party element

反地方主义运动 anti-localism campaign

反浪费,反保守运动 Movement against Waste and Conservation

反冒进 anti-reckless advance

反右 anti-rightist

芳泽谦吉 M. Yoshizawa 

奉天 Mukden 

符以德 Frei tas 

福建 Fukien

富农 rich peasant

干部地方化 localization of cadres

根据地 base area

工团主义 syndicalism

共产主义化 communization

顾维钧 Wellington Koo 

关余 the surplus funds from customs 

广东 Canton 

广东 Kwangtung

广东省第一届代表大会第二次会议 the Second Meeting of the First Guangdong Provincial Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

贵族院(日本) the House of Peers 

国军 National Army 

海南地方主义反党集团 the Hainan anti-Party localist group

海南军政委员会 Hainan Military and Political Committee

和风细雨 gentle breeze and mild rain

和平土改 peaceful land reform

红色娘子军 The Red Detachment of Women

呼图克图 Hutuktu 

华南局 South China Bureau

华盛顿会议 Washington Conference 

坏分子 bad element

基督将军 Christian General 

加拉罕 Karakhan 

加米涅夫 Lev Kamenev 

加藤友三郎 Baron Kato 

阶级斗争 class struggle

阶级路线 class line

经济主义 economism

抗日军政大学 Anti-Japanese Military and Political University

兰辛石井协定 Lansing-Ishii pact 

旅顺 Arthur 

满洲 Manchuria 

满洲人 Manchurian 

门户开放 open door 

民主集中制 democratic centralism

命令主义 commandism

内田康哉 Yasuya Uchida 

南京临时约法 Provisional Constitution of Nanking 

南洋兄弟烟草公司 Nanyang Brothers 

农业合作社 Agricultural Producer's Cooperative

贫农 poor peasant

平反 rehabilitation 

琼崖抗日军事政治干部学校 the Hainan Anti-Japanese Military and Political Cadre School

琼崖纵队 Hainan Column

群众路线 mass line

人民内部矛盾 contradictions among the people

日俄战争 Russo-Japanese War 

三反运动 Three Antis Campaign

施肇基 Dr.Alfred Sze 

舒尔曼 Jacob Gould Schurman 

双反运动 Double Anti Campaign

司徒雷登 Dr.J.Leighton Stuart 

四川 Szechwan

四野 Fourth Field Army

统一战线 United Front

土地改革 land reform

托洛茨基 Leon Trotsky 

外交团 Diplomatic Corps 

外来干部 outside cadres

外蒙 Outer Mongolia 

文化大革命 the Cultural Revolution

五卅运动 the May 30th Movement

西北局 Northwest Party Bureau

下院 the Lower House 

小匈牙利事件 miniature Hungarian incident

辛丑条约 Protocol of 1901 

颜惠庆 Dr.W.W.Yen 

样板戏 Model Opera

一五计划 First Five Year Plan

右倾保守主义 right conservatism

右倾机会主义者 right opportunist

增产节约运动 production increase and austerity movement

张家口 Kalgan 

镇反 suppression of counterrevolutionaries

镇守使 Defense Commissioner at... 

整风 rectification

整改 rectification and improvement

政治局 Politburo

政治野心家 political careerist

治病救人 save the patient

中东路 Chinese Eastern Railway 

中国佬 Chink(极具侮辱性的词汇)

中华全国基督教协进会 National Christian Council of China 

中农 middle peasant

中央苏区 the Central Soviet Base Area

主观主义 subjectivism

自力更生 self-reliance

左倾教条主义 leftist doctrinairism

九一八事变 September 18th Incident

七七事变(卢沟桥事变)July 7th Incident (Lugou Bridge Incident)

淞沪会战 Battle of Shanghai

武汉会战 Battle of Wuhan

百团大战 Hundred-Regiment Campaign

平型关大捷 Battle of Pingxingguan; victory atPingxingguan

台儿庄大捷 Battle of Tai'erzhuang; victory at Tai'erzhuang

持久战 protracted war

游击战 guerrilla warfare

运动战 mobile warfare

地道战 tunnel warfare

地雷战 landmine warfare

细菌战 germ warfare

化学战 chemical warfare

解放区 liberated area

游击区 guerrilla area

敌占区(沦陷区)enemy-occupied area; occupied area

“三光”政策(烧光、杀光、抢光):”Three Alls”policy (kill all, burn all, loot all)

“扫荡” “mopping-up”operation

“蚕食” “gnawing-away”operation

“清乡” “pacification”  operation

其它

谥号 Posthumous name (比如汉武帝的武、晋元帝的元)

庙号 Temple name(比如唐太宗的太宗、元世祖的世祖)

年号 Era name 或者 Reign name(比如贞观、嘉靖、康熙)

尊号 Regnal name(比如武则天的则天)

Surname 或者 Family name

氏(先秦)Secondary surname 或者 Clan name (比如孔子姓是子,氏是孔)

Given name

Courtesy name 或者 Style name

Art name

名讳 True name

乳名 Birth name

法号 Dharma name

训名 School name

避讳 Taboo of names

爵位 Nobility rank

太子 Crown Prince

九爵 Nine orders of nobility

亲王 Prince

郡王 Prefecture/Commandery Prince

国公 Duke

郡公 Prefecture/Commandery Duke

县公 County/District Duke

侯爵 Marquis

伯爵 Count

子爵 Viscount

男爵 Baron

世袭的 Hereditary

封建 to enfeoff

皇后 Empress

Consort 或 highly-ranked imperial concubines

品秩 Grade/Rank in the Bureaucracy

正一品 First Rank Officials

从一品 Sub-First Rank Officials

正四品上 Upper Fourth Rank Official

正四品下 Lower Fourth Rank Official

从四品上 Upper Sub-Fourth Rank Official

从四品下 Lower Sub-Fourth Rank Official

另外官品还有一种简记法,比如正一品是1a,从一品是1b,正四品上是4a,正四品下是4a’,从四品上是4b,从四品下是4b’

奉朝请 People who qualified for imperial audiences

千牛卫 Imperial personal guard

千牛备身 Swordsmen in the personal guard

食邑 Feudatory land

Bureaucrat

Government staff

四民 Four occupations(士农工商分别是gentry scholars,peasants,craftsmen以及merchants)

军阀的派系 Clique of xxx

凌迟 Death by a thousand cuts 或者就叫 Lingchi 然后解释是一种cruel execution

腰斩 Death by cutting the waist

绞刑 Death by hanging

车裂 Death by dismembering the body

廷杖 Tingzhang, a type of punishment that the guilty official would be spanked by wooden planks

流放 Be banished/exiled to + 地名

追封 Posthumous enfeoffment

钦差大臣 Imperial government inspector

监正 Supervisor of xxx directorate

诏书 Edict

奏章 Memorial to the emperor

俸禄 Salary for imperial officials

中央集权 Centralization of authority

龙袍 Panlong Robe 或者 Chinese Imperial Dragon Robe

衙门 Administrative Office

中书令 Secretariat Director

中书舍人 Secretariat Drafter

中书门下 Secretariat-Chancellery

同中书门下平章事 Joint Manager of Affairs with the Secretariat-Chancellery

中散大夫 Grand Master of Palace Leisure

大理寺 Imperial Court of Justice

鸿卢寺 Office of Foreign Affairs

光禄寺 Office of Imperial Kitchen

著作局 Editorial office

转运使 Transport Commissioner

处置使 Supervisory Commissioner, an official that arranges and disposes of matters

黜陟使 Personnel Evaluation Commissioner, an official that evaluates, promotes or demotes other officials

国子监 Directorate of Education

将作院 Imperial Manufactories Commission

御史台 Censorate

法司 Judicial office

翰林院 Hanlin Academy, an organization in the central court with scholars who did drafting and editing works for the emperor

京兆尹 Metropolitan governor of capital city

教坊司 Imperial office of music

东宫 The House of Crown Prince 或者 The Eastern Palace for Crown Prince

谏议大夫 Supervisory officer

光禄大夫 Grand Master of the Palace 其中金紫光禄大夫在后面加with golden seal and purple ribbon,银青光禄大夫在后面加with silver seal and blue ribbon

假节:一般说Jiajie,然后解释,an official with a special warrant/permission to represent the emperor

主簿 Recorder 或者 assistant magistrate

主书 Assistant drafters

主事 Director/secretary of xxx section in xxx ministry

主司 Examiner 或者 recruiter,相当于古代政府的HR

漕运:一般来说就是Caoyun,然后解释是 ground and water transportation operated/controlled by the government

茶马交易 Tea-Horse Trade

羁縻制度 Jimi system (A special type of administrative system enforced by Tang and Song dynasties in remote areas where hereditary tribal rulers receive duties from the central court while keeping the high degree of autonomy),和后来明朝的土司制度相似 Tusi system (土司本人有时翻译成Chieftains或者Local headmen)

进士 Nominees who passed the highest-level Imperial Examinations (court exams 殿试),有地方直接说是Jnshi(复数Jinshies)并解释是Imperial examination graduates,其中进士及第是distinguished jinshies,进士出身是xxx with jinshi background,同进士出身是along with jinshi background

贡士 Nominees who passed the national-level Imperial Examinations

举人 Recommendees/nominees who passed the local-level (provincial-level) Imperial Examinations

秀才/生员 Scholars/Educated people (qualified for local-level Imperial Examinations)

童生 Scholars haven’t qualified for the local-level Imperial Examinations

冈仁波齐 Mount Kailash

葱岭 Pamir Plateau

兴都库什山 Hindukush Mountains

燕然山 Khangai Mountains

华阳国志 Chronicles of Huayang

三字经 Three Character Classic

百家姓 Hundred Family Surnames

千字文 Thousand Character Classic

对于以上历史词汇翻译,如果你有更加权威的译法,或者有任何建议,欢迎留言区和我们分享。

 

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