在2019年《政府工作报告》中，剔除重复的词汇，加双引号的词语共有49个，这些词语包括：
“一带一路”、“互联网+”、“巩固、增强、提升、畅通”、“三去一降一补”、“准入不准营”、“一窗受理、限时办结”、“最多跑一次”、“减证便民”、“智能+”、“好差评”、“一张网”、“大水漫灌”、“放水养鱼”、“半拉子”、“煤改气”、“煤改电”、“破、立、降”、“证照分离”、“双随机、一公开”、“两项补贴”、“两学一做”、“四风”、“五位一体”、“四个全面”、“三公”、“放管服”、“非禁即入”、“携号转网”、“新官不理旧账”、“两不愁三保障”、“三区三州”、“十三五”、“包干制”、“厕所革命”、“僵尸企业”、“两个毫不动摇”、“大班额”、“枫桥经验”、“不忘初心、牢记使命”、“两个一百年”、“一国两制”、“港人治港”、“澳人治澳”、“台独”、“四个意识”、“四个自信”、“两个维护”、“双拥”、“九二共识”
上面词汇，
你能翻译出多少？
这些使用双引号的词语，多反应中国特有的政策和时事现象，引号的作用是提示语言的非常规解读，提示读者不要简单地以其字面意思去理解。
这些表达所包含的历史文化信息、政治经济体制和社会意识形态与英语国家存在极大的差异，因此大多数无对应的英语表达。
而《政府工作报告》的翻译，不仅要求内容正确、文字缜密，而且要与中国的政治导向符合，不能够随意增减其中的措辞和用语，也不能将翻译难点避而不译。
那么，究竟如何翻译这些词汇呢？
别担心！天堂君通过学习《2019年政府工作报告（中英文）》，归纳总结了这些特殊词汇的含义和译法，一起来学习吧！
“大水漫灌”
译法：a deluge of stimulus policies
例句：面对新情况新变化，我们坚持不搞“大水漫灌”式强刺激，保持宏观政策连续性稳定性。
Facing new circumstances and developments, we were firm in choosing not to adopt a deluge of strong stimulus policies, and we maintained the continuity and consistency of macro policies.
注：本次报告中还有一句：
在实际执行中，既要把好货币供给总闸门，不搞“大水漫灌”，又要灵活运用多种货币政策工具，疏通货币政策传导渠道，保持流动性合理充裕，有效缓解实体经济特别是民营和小微企业融资难融资贵问题，防范化解金融风险。
In implementation, we will ensure the valve on aggregate monetary supply is well controlled and refrain from using a deluge of stimulus policies; but will also use flexibly a variety of monetary policy instruments to improve the transmission mechanism of monetary policy, maintain reasonably sufficient liquidity, effectively mitigate difficulties faced in the real economy, especially by private enterprises and small and micro businesses, in accessing affordable financing, and forestall and defuse financial risks.
“放水养鱼”
释义：实施更大规模的减税
译法：cut tax with the aim of using an accommodative effect to
例句：这次减税，着眼“放水养鱼”、增强发展后劲并考虑财政可持续。
Our moves to cut tax on this occasion aim at an accommodative effect to strengthen the basis for sustained growth while also considering the need to ensure fiscal sustainability.
注：2018年《政府工作报告》中也出现了这个词：
在财政收支矛盾较大情况下，着眼“放水养鱼”、增强后劲，我国率先大幅减税降费。
Despite a fairly big imbalance between government revenue and expenditure, China has led the way in slashing taxes and fees with the aim of using accommodative measures to strengthen the basis for sustained growth.
“半拉子”
释义：指工程进行到一半或者多半，尚未完工，就因某些因素拖延或停止工程进度。
译法：be stopped half way
例句：鼓励采取市场化方式，妥善解决融资平台到期债务问题，不能搞“半拉子”工程。
We will encourage the adoption of market approaches to solve the issue of maturing debts on financing platforms and make sure that projects financed by such debts are not stopped half way.
“煤改气”“煤改电”
译法：the replacement of coal with natural gas and electricity
例句：稳妥推进北方地区“煤改气”“煤改电”。
The replacement of coal with natural gas and electricity in North China was steadily advanced.
“破、立、降”
释义：“破”，就是要破除经济运行当中已经比较僵化的部分；“立”，就是要让新动能蓬勃发展；“降”，就是要从整体上降低经济运行的成本。
译法：cut ineffective supply, foster new growth drivers, and reduce costs in the real economy
例句：加大“破、立、降”力度。
We strengthened work to cut ineffective supply, foster new growth drivers, and reduce costs in the real economy.
“证照分离”
释义：“照”指的是工商部门颁发的营业执照，”证”是各相关行业主管部门颁发的经营许可证。原先要开办一家公司，首先要取得主管部门的经营许可证，才能到工商部门申办营业执照。上海自贸区建立和扩区以来，率先开展了商事登记制度改革，实现了市场准入领域的“先照后证”，也就是只要到工商部门领取一个营业执照，就可以从事一般性的生产经营活动，如果从事需要许可的生产经营活动，再到相关审批部门办理许可手续。
译法：separate permits from the business license
例句：取消一批行政许可事项，“证照分离”改革在全国推开，企业开办时间大幅压缩，工业生产许可证种类压减三分之一以上。
A number of government permits were abolished, the reform separating permits from the business license was implemented nationwide, the time needed to start a business was considerably shortened, and the types of industrial production permits were cut by over a third.
注：在2018年《政府工作报告》中也提到了这个说法：
今年，要对所有涉企经营许可事项实行“证照分离”改革，使企业更便捷拿到营业执照并尽快正常运营。
This year, all operating permits required of businesses will be separated from the business license to make it quicker and easier for companies to get a license and start operating as soon as possible.
“双随机，一公开”
释义：随机抽取检查人员和检查对象、及时公开查处结果
译法：random selection of both inspectors and inspection targets and the prompt release of results
例句：“双随机、一公开”监管全面实施。
Oversight conducted through the random selection of both inspectors and inspection targets and the prompt release of results was implemented nationwide.
推进“双随机、一公开”跨部门联合监管。
We will continue interdepartmental oversight conducted through the random selection of both inspectors and inspection targets and the prompt release of results.
注：其中“双随机”的译法与2018年《政府工作报告》翻译版本有所不同：
实行“双随机、一公开”，随机抽取检查人员和检查对象、及时公开查处结果。
We have introduced a new model of oversight combining randomly selected inspectors who inspect randomly selected entities and the prompt release of results.
“两项补贴”
释义：困难残疾人生活补贴和重度残疾人护理补贴制度
译法：allowances for people with disabilities in financial difficulty and nursing care subsidies for people with serious disabilities
例句：继续提高优抚、低保等标准，残疾人“两项补贴”惠及所有符合条件人员。
We continued to increase benefits for entitled groups and subsistence allowances, and ensured that all people with disabilities who are eligible can access living allowances and nursing care subsidies.
注：2018年《政府工作报告》翻译版本：
建立困难和重度残疾人“两项补贴”制度，惠及2100多万人。
We have put in place a system to provide living allowances for people with disabilities in financial difficulty and nursing care subsidies for people with serious disabilities, a system that has benefited over 21 million people. All couples can now have two children.
“两学一做”
释义：学党章党规、学系列讲话，做合格党员
译法：gain a good command of the Party Constitution, Party regulations, and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s policy addresses and to meet Party standards
例句：推进“两学一做”学习教育常态化制度化。
We moved to ensure that all Party members, on a regular and institutionalized basis, work to gain a good command of the Party Constitution, Party regulations, and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s policy addresses and to meet Party standards.
注：在2018年《政府工作报告》中，翻译版本详细解释了“两学一做”的含义：develop a good understanding of the Party Constitution, Party regulations, and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s major policy addresses and live up to Party standards.
“四风”
释义：2013年6月18日在北京召开中国共产党的群众路线教育实践活动工作会议。习近平在会议上强调，这次教育实践活动的主要任务聚焦到作风建设上，集中解决形式主义、官僚主义、享乐主义和奢靡之风这“四风”问题。
译法：formalities performed for formalities’ sake, bureaucratism, hedonism, and extravagance
例句：严格落实中央八项规定及其实施细则精神，坚定不移纠正“四风”。
We took stern action against formalities performed for formalities’ sake, bureaucratism, hedonism, and extravagance.
注：在2018年《政府工作报告》中“四风”的译法：
认真贯彻落实中央八项规定及其实施细则精神，持之以恒纠治“四风”。
We will fully enforce the Party Central Committee’s eight-point decision on conduct and its rules for implementation, and keep up efforts to address formalities performed for formalities’ sake, bureaucratism, hedonism, and extravagance.
“五位一体”
释义：“五位一体”总体布局是指经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设和生态文明建设五位一体，全面推进。
译法：five-sphere integrated plan
例句：统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局
pursue coordinated progress in the five-sphere integrated plan
注：“五位一体”的完整译法是：the "five-sphere integrated plan": a plan to promote coordinated economic, political, cultural, social and ecological advancement
“四个全面”
释义：协调推进全面建成小康社会、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党
译法：the four-pronged comprehensive strategy
例句：协调推进“四个全面”战略布局
pursue balanced progress in the four-pronged comprehensive strategy
注：“四个全面”的完整译法是：the "four-pronged comprehensive strategy": a strategy of comprehensive moves to finish building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, deepen reform, advance law-based governance, and strengthen Party self-governance
“三公”
释义：政府部门人员因公出国（境）经费、公务车购置及运行费、公务招待费产生的消费
译法：spending on official overseas visits, official vehicles, and official hospitality
例句：中央财政要开源节流，增加特定国有金融机构和央企上缴利润，一般性支出压减5%以上、“三公”经费再压减3%左右，长期沉淀资金一律收回。
Profits turned in by designated state-owned financial institutions and enterprises directly under the central government should be increased; general expenditures should be cut by over 5 percent, spending on official overseas visits, official vehicles, and official hospitalityshould be cut by another 3 percent, and all funds that have long stayed unused will be taken back.
“放管服”
释义：简政放权、放管结合、优化服务的简称。“放”即简政放权，降低准入门槛。“管”即公正监管，促进公平竞争。“服”即高效服务，营造便利环境。
译法：delegate power, improve regulation, and upgrade services
例句：要深化“放管服”改革，降低制度性交易成本，下硬功夫打造好发展软环境。
We must push forward with reforms that delegate power, improve regulation, and upgrade services, bring down government-imposed transaction costs, and make every effort to create an enabling environment for development.
“非禁即入”
释义：即凡法律、行政法规未禁止企业或个人经营的行业和项目，都允许其经营
译法：entry unless on the list
例句：要进一步缩减市场准入负面清单，推动“非禁即入”普遍落实。
We will further shorten the negative list on market entry and promote across-the-board implementation of the policy of “entry unless on the list”.
“携号转网”
释义：携号转网，又称号码可携带，指的是你从一家运营商到另外一家运营商，号码不变。
译法：keep their numbers while switching carriers
例句：在全国实行“携号转网”，规范套餐设置，使降费实实在在、消费者明明白白。
Cellphone subscribers nationwide will be able to keep their numbers while switching carriers,and cellphone packages will be regulated to achieve solid fee cuts for all consumers to see.
“两不愁三保障”
释义：“两不愁”即不愁吃、不愁穿，“三保障”即义务教育、基本医疗、住房安全有保障。是国家在易地扶贫搬迁中提出的主要目标。
译法：the basic living needs of rural poor populations are met and that such people have access to compulsory education, basic medical services, and housing
例句：重点解决实现“两不愁三保障”面临的突出问题。
We will give priority to our work of seeing that the basic living needs of rural poor populations are met and that such people have access to compulsory education, basic medical services, and housing.
“三区三州”
释义：“三区”是指西藏、新疆南疆四地州(南疆四地州指的是喀什地区、和田地区、克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州以及阿克苏地区)和四省藏区(青海藏区、四川藏区、云南藏区、甘肃藏区)；“三州”是指甘肃的临夏州、四川的凉山州和云南的怒江州，是国家层面的深度贫困地区。
译法：three regions and three prefectures
例句：加大“三区三州”等深度贫困地区脱贫攻坚力度，加强基础设施建设，落实对特殊贫困人口的保障措施。
We will intensify poverty alleviation in areas of extreme poverty like the “three regions and three prefectures,( The “three regions” refers to Tibet, four prefectures of southern Xinjiang—Hotan, Aksu, Kashi, and the Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture of Kizilsu, and the areas of Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, and Qinghai provinces with large Tibetan populations; the “three prefectures” are Liangshan in Sichuan, Nujiang in Yunnan, and Linxia in Gansu.)” strengthen infrastructure development in such areas, and ensure social safeguards for the most vulnerable groups.
“十三五”
释义：中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要
译法：the 13th Five-Year Plan
例句：基本完成“十三五”易地扶贫搬迁规划建设任务，加强后续扶持。
We will move toward completion of the 13th Five-Year Plan’s construction tasks for planned relocations of poor populations from inhospitable areas, and strengthen follow-up support.
“四个意识”
释义：政治意识、大局意识、核心意识、看齐意识
译法：maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment
例句：各级政府要树牢“四个意识”
At every level of government, we should keep firmly in mind the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment.
“四个自信”
释义：中国特色社会主义道路自信、理论自信、制度自信、文化自信
译法：confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics
例句：坚定“四个自信”
We should strengthen our confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
“两个维护”
释义：坚决维护习近平总书记党中央的核心、全党的核心地位，坚决维护党中央权威和集中统一领导
译法：resolutely uphold General Secretary Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and resolutely uphold the Party Central Committee’s authority and its centralized, unified leadership
例句：坚决做到“两个维护”
We should resolutely uphold General Secretary Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and resolutely uphold the Party Central Committee’s authority and its centralized, unified leadership.
“双拥”
释义：“地方拥军优属，军队拥政爱民”的简称
译法：mutual support between the military and civilians
例句：各级政府要大力关心支持国防和军队建设，深入开展“双拥”活动，让军政军民团结之树根深叶茂、永葆常青。
We in government at all levels must concern ourselves with and vigorously support the development of national defense and the armed forces, conduct extensive activities to promotemutual support between the military and civilians, so that the tree of unity between the military and the government and between the military and the people continues to grow deep roots and is always in blossom.
“九二共识”
释义：指1992年11月大陆的海峡两岸关系协会与台湾的海峡交流基金会达成的以口头方式表达的“海峡两岸均坚持一个中国原则”的共识。
译法：the 1992 Consensus
例句：坚持一个中国原则和“九二共识”，推动两岸关系和平发展、推进祖国和平统一进程。
We will uphold the one-China principle and the 1992 Consensus, promote the peaceful growth of relations across the Taiwan Strait, and advance China’s peaceful reunification.
“包干制”
释义：试点设置经费上限，让科研人员保留未使用经费
译法：pilot the creation of ceilings in funding that enable the retention of unused funds
例句：进一步提高基础研究项目间接经费占比，开展项目经费使用“包干制”改革试点，不设科目比例限制，由科研团队自主决定使用。
We will further increase the proportion of indirect funding for basic research projects, pilot the creation of ceilings in funding that enable the retention of unused funds, set no limits on the proportions of spending items, and give research teams the power to decide how to use funds.
注：我们可以通过译文了解到“包干制”的大致意思：pilot the creation of ceilings in funding that enable the retention of unused funds（直译：试点设置经费上限，让科研人员保留未使用经费）。这句话大致可以理解为，国家只管预算总规模，而各项目预算多少的调剂权下放给科研人员。这也响应了去年两院院士大会上习近平所说的话：“不能让繁文缛节把科学家的手脚捆死了，不能让无穷的报表和审批把科学家的精力耽误了！”
“新官不理旧账”
译法：get away with ignoring obligations undertaken by predecessors
例句：政府要带头讲诚信守契约，决不能“新官不理旧账”，对拖欠企业的款项年底前要清偿一半以上，决不允许增加新的拖欠。
The government must set an example in acting in good faith and honoring contracts; new officials must not be allowed to get away with ignoring obligations undertaken by predecessors. Over 50 percent of overdue payments to enterprises must be made by the end of the year, and new arrears are impermissible.
注：在2018年《政府工作报告》中也提到了这个说法，其翻译版本为：
政府要信守承诺，决不能“新官不理旧账”。
We in government must honor our commitments; new officials must not be allowed to disavow obligations undertaken by their predecessors.
disavow[ˌdɪsəˈvaʊ]：to disclaim knowledge of, responsibility for, or association with 不承认; 否认; 拒绝对…承担责任
